生物炭添加量对冬小麦花后干物质积累及转运的影响

【目的】提高微咸水灌溉效率并降低土壤盐渍化风险。【方法】以冬小麦为研究对象,设计避雨条件下不同微咸水-生物炭处理(CK,淡水;B0,5 g/L微咸水;B15,5 g/L微咸水及15 t/hm²生物炭;B30,5 g/L微咸水及30 t/hm²生物炭;B45,5 g/L微咸水及45 t/hm²生物炭)的田间试验,探讨了微咸水灌溉下生物炭添加量对土壤特性和冬小麦花后干物质积累及转运的影响机制。【结果】生物炭添加后土壤表层(0~20 cm)体积质量降低了2.27%~8.33%,总孔隙度增加了4.52%~13.47%,有机质量增加了30.02%~111.12%,土壤表层(0~20 cm)及主根区(0~40 cm)钠吸附比降低了23.88%~33.27%和22.34%~30.80%;15 t/hm²能够促进盐分淋洗,降低了微咸水灌溉下土壤含盐量,然而高剂量时将加剧盐分累积。单独微咸水灌溉下冬小麦生长受抑,最终产量下降了12.04%。生物炭能够缓解盐胁迫下叶片早衰,促进光合作用能力,并增加花前干物质转运量及花后干物质积累量,进而获取了更高的籽粒质量和收获指数。B15、B30、B45处理的最终产量较B0处理分别增加9.18%、7.73%、2.74%。【结论】15 t/hm²添加量的生物炭效果最佳,可促进微咸水资源的农业利用。     

生物炭及炭基肥影响农田土壤改良效应的研究进展

我国南方农田普遍存在土壤酸化加速、土壤肥力和质量不断下降、土壤微生物群落结构和功能失调等土壤退化现象。近年来,大量研究表明生物炭是一种应用前景广阔的土壤改良剂,而将其与肥料有效结合制成生物炭基肥,将在我国农田酸化土壤改良和作物增产等方面发挥重要作用。本文重点针对生物炭和生物炭基肥在农田生态系统中影响土壤改良的效应进行了综述,旨在为我国南方农田土壤改良和农业生产可持续发展提供参考。     

木质生物炭对厌氧发酵产甲烷性能的影响

为研究木质生物炭对厌氧发酵产甲烷性能的影响,以玉米秸秆、牛粪作为发酵底物,以灌木生物炭、杨木生物炭、混合木屑生物炭作为添加剂,通过控制生物炭的种类、粒径以及灰分含量等关键因素,进行了批式厌氧发酵强化试验。结果表明：生物炭对厌氧发酵系统有重要影响,且粒径越小,产气能力越强。其中,杨木生物炭对厌氧发酵系统影响最大,不仅提升了厌氧发酵系统的甲烷累积产量（4.9%）、最大甲烷日产率（15.0%）以及水解速率（15.6%）,也缩短了发酵延滞期。此外,杨木生物炭的灰分含量对厌氧发酵也有重要影响。当灰分含量为2.6 g·L^-1时,对厌氧发酵系统影响最大,在提升厌氧发酵系统的缓冲能力、最大甲烷日产率（14.4%）的同时,也缩短了延滞期（11.8%）,灰分含量过高或过低均不利于系统产甲烷。     

生物炭施用下土壤微生物量碳氮的动态变化

为了研究生物炭施用量对整个玉米生育期内土壤微生物量及玉米产量的影响,采用田间定位试验,生物炭施用量设置0（BC0）、10（BC1）、20（BC2）和30（BC3） t·hm^-2共4个处理,测定不同处理下土壤微生物量碳、氮及其动态变化和收获后玉米的籽粒产量。结果表明,玉米生育期内各土层土壤微生物量碳随生物炭施用量的增加而增加;与BC0相比,施用生物炭对播种前土壤微生物量碳的影响最为显著,其中,BC3处理在0—10、10—20和20—30 cm土层的微生物量碳较对照分别增加103.2%、91.8%和158.5%。土壤微生物量氮和微生物量碳氮比的变化则与玉米生育期有关。从整个生育期来看,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量在播种前最低,在拔节期达到峰值,之后缓慢降低并保持相对稳定。在播种前,BC3处理土壤微生物商增幅最大,较BC0增加了59.5%,其他生育期土壤微生物商无显著变化。玉米籽粒产量随生物炭施用量的增加而增加,BC2和BC3分别较BC0显著增产11.2%和14.1%。因此,在土壤中施用生物炭可在一定程度上增加土壤微生物量,提高土壤肥力,增加作物产量,为该地区生物炭的合理施用提供理论依据。     

粒状生物质炭基尿素肥料制备及其性能研究

利用沙柱间歇淋溶试验研究评价粒径、尿素和生物质炭质量比、高岭土添加量对肥料缓释性能及颗粒,承受最大破坏力影响规律。当高岭土添加量为10%,在尿素与炭比为1??1~1??5时,可获得80%以上的最大成型率,颗粒的最大破碎压缩力可达10 N以上。随着生物质炭含量增加和肥料颗粒粒径增大,颗粒缓释肥缓释性能提高,当颗粒粒径为5~6 mm,尿素与生物质炭质量比由1??1变化至1??5时,第1次淋溶其累积释放率由43.35%下降至15.64%,比纯尿素颗粒肥下降33%~60%,纯尿素颗粒肥养分到第2次淋溶已完全释放,而缓释肥的尿素的累积释放到第5次淋溶才基本完成。可见缓释肥的缓释性能可通过改变炭粉添加量调节以满足不同作物生长需求。通过对生物质炭基尿素肥料生产流程和经济性分析,说明生物质炭基尿素肥料生产工艺简单、运输方便、价格合理。     

稻草生物炭对甲磺草胺和二氯喹啉酸吸附的影响

以弱酸性除草剂甲磺草胺和二氯喹啉酸为研究对象,研究稻草生物炭对这2种除草剂的吸附特征的影响。结果表明,当在土壤中添加稻草生物炭后,土壤对甲磺草胺、二氯喹啉酸的吸附都显著增加。Friendrich方程能更好地拟合稻草生物炭本身对甲磺草胺的吸附等温线,R2从线性拟合的0.976增加到0.987,Kfads为133.4 mg1-1/nkg-1L1/n。线性方程和Friendrich方程均能很好拟合二氯喹啉酸的吸附等温线,Kd为218.6 L/kg。     

Ash and biochar amendment of coarse sandy soil for growing crops under drought conditions

Appropriate soil amendments may increase plant available water and crop yields on coarse sandy soils under drought conditions. In this study, we applied straw ash or straw biochar from gasification to a Danish coarse sandy subsoil to assess the effects on soil water retention, evapotranspiration and crop yields. Spring barley (2016, 2017) and winter wheat (2018) were grown over three years in columns containing 25cm of organic matter-rich topsoil, 80 cm of amended coarse sandy soil (1.5%, 3%, 6% wt. ash or 1% wt. biochar or control soil) and 45 cm of un-amended subsoil. Precipitation, evaporative demands and soil moisture were recorded across the growth seasons, with 2018 having severe drought conditions. This year evapotranspiration levels increased with increasing ash and biochar content (by 54% and 33% for the 6% ash- and 1% biochar-amended soils, respectively), and plant dry matter increased by 18% in both the 1% biochar- and 6% ash-treated soils compared to the untreated control. A linear relationship was established between in situ field capacity and ash dosage (R² = .96), showing an increase of 2.2% per percentage (wt.) of ash added, while the 1% biochar treatment increased the capacity by 3.5%, indicating a higher efficiency than for ash. However, we did not find significant positive effects on grain yields. The results show that ash and biochar have the potential to significantly increase soil water retention, evapotranspiration and total dry matter yield in drought conditions, but that this may not correspond to an increase in grain yield.     

不同炭硅处理对水稻抗倒伏特性和产量的影响

以越光品种为试验材料,研究了生物炭与硅肥配施对水稻抗倒伏特性、茎秆强度、化学物质含量、酶活性的影响及相互关系。结果表明,花生壳生物炭与硅肥配施显著降低了水稻节长,增加了茎粗,进而降低了水稻的倒伏指数和倒伏面积率,并提高了茎秆中的淀粉、木质素和纤维素含量及木质素关键酶活性。其中,7.5 t/hm²生物炭与45 kg/hm²硅肥基施、叶面喷施0.02%硅肥的处理表现最优,该处理显著增强了越光的抗倒伏性,第1、第2和第3节的倒伏指数分别比对照下降36.42%、30.19%和26.83%,并实现了增产。相关分析表明,水稻的倒伏指数、倒伏面积率与茎秆强度呈极显著负相关;茎秆中淀粉、纤维素和木质素含量与茎秆强度呈显著或极显著正相关,与倒伏指数和倒伏面积率呈显著或极显著负相关;木质素含量与PAL、TAL、4CL和CAD等酶的活性呈显著正相关。研究结果可为优质水稻越光的抗倒伏栽培提供科学依据和技术支持。     

Does Biochar Addition Influence the Change Points of Soil Phosphorus Leaching?

Phosphorus change point indicating the threshold related to P leaching, largely depends on soil properties. Increasing data have shown that biochar addition can improve soil retention capacity of ions. However, we have known little about weather biochar amendment influence the change point of P leaching. In this study, two soils added with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 g biochar kg-1 were incubated at 25℃ for 14 d following adjusting the soil moisture to 50% water-holding capacity （WHC）. The soils with different available P values were then obtained by adding a series of KH2PO4 solution （ranging from 0 to 600 mg P kg-1 soil）, and subjecting to three cycles of drying and rewetting. The results showed that biochar addition significantly lifted the P change points in the tested soils, together with changes in soil pH, organic C, Olen-P and CaC12-P but little on exchangeable Ca and Mg, oxalate-extractable Fe and Al. The Olsen-P at the change points ranged from 48.65 to 185.07 mg kg-1 in the alluvial soil and 71.25 to 98.65 mg kg^-1 in the red soil, corresponding to CaCl2-P of 0.31-6.49 and 0.18-0.45 mg L~, respectively. The change points of the alluvial soil were readily changed by adding biochar compared with that of the red soil. The enhancement of change points was likely to be explained as the improvement of phosphate retention ability in the biochar-added soils.     

Effect of Crop-Straw Derived Biochars on Pb(Ⅱ) Adsorption in Two Variable Charge Soils

Two variable charge soils were incubated with biochars derived from straws of peanut, soybean, canola, and rice to investigate the effect of the biochars on their chemical properties and Pb（II） adsorption using batch experiments. The results showed soil cation exchange capacity （CEC） and pH significantly increased after 30 d of incubation with the biochars added. The incorporation of the biochars markedly increased the adsorption of Pb（II）, and both the electrostatic and non-electrostatic adsorption mechanisms contributed to Pb（II） adsorption by the variable charge soils. Adsorption isotherms illustrated legume- straw derived biochars more greatly increased Pb（II） adsorption on soils through the non-electrostatic mechanism via the formation of surface complexes between Pb（II） and acid functional groups of the biochars than did non-legume straw biochars. The adsorption capacity of Pb（II） increased, while the desorption amount slightly decreased with the increasing suspension pH for the studied soils, especially in a high suspension pH, indicating that precipitation also plays an important role in immobilizing Pb（II） to the soils.