生物炭固定化微生物修复污染土壤研究进展

生物炭固定化微生物技术具有高效、成本低和环境友好性的优点,在土壤修复中展现出巨大的应用潜力,成为目前的研究热点。本文在系统总结国内外生物炭固定化微生物技术修复污染土壤的最新研究进展基础上,重点分析了生物炭作为载体的适宜性,探讨了微生物筛选的重要性,对比分析了固定化方法（如吸附法、包埋法、交联法和共价结合法等）,探究了不同环境因素对生物炭固定化微生物技术修复污染土壤效果的影响,揭示了生物炭与微生物修复重金属和有机污染土壤过程中多种作用机制的协同效应,既包括生物炭作为固定化载体对微生物的保护及快速定殖作用,也包括生物炭对污染物的吸附作用,还包括微生物对污染物的降解作用。最后,对该技术在土壤污染修复中的应用提出了展望和建议。     

氮素调控对玉米氮素同化过程及产量的影响

氮素调控措施与作物氮素吸收利用和产量密切相关,但目前关于不同氮素调控措施对玉米主要生育期氮素同化过程的影响仍不清楚。以郑单958为试验材料,设置不施氮肥（CK）、传统施肥（CN）、氮肥+生物炭（SN）和氮肥+硝化抑制剂DMPP（DN）4个处理,分析不同氮素调控对玉米氮素同化过程中铵态氮和硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量以及氮素利用率和产量的影响。结果表明：DN和SN处理较传统施肥处理均可以提高玉米植株体内硝态氮和铵态氮含量、NR和GS活性;DN和SN处理显著提高灌浆期谷氨酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量;DN处理成熟期籽粒的氮素积累量显著高于SN和CN处理,分别显著增加18.4%和30.0%;DN处理产量最高,SN次之,二者并无显著差异,但相较CN处理分别显著增产1 483.0和1 154.2 kg·hm^-2。两种氮素调控均促进了玉米对氮素的吸收,显著提高氮肥吸收利用率,其中硝化抑制剂处理氮肥吸收利用率最高且显著高于其他处理。综上,生物炭或硝化抑制剂配施氮肥,可以促进玉米氮素同化和转运过程,显著提高玉米产量和氮肥利用效率,综合产量、籽粒氮素积累量和氮肥吸收利用率,硝化抑制剂配施氮肥可作为淮河流域玉米高产高效的栽培措施。     

生物炭及炭基肥影响农田土壤改良效应的研究进展

我国南方农田普遍存在土壤酸化加速、土壤肥力和质量不断下降、土壤微生物群落结构和功能失调等土壤退化现象。近年来,大量研究表明生物炭是一种应用前景广阔的土壤改良剂,而将其与肥料有效结合制成生物炭基肥,将在我国农田酸化土壤改良和作物增产等方面发挥重要作用。本文重点针对生物炭和生物炭基肥在农田生态系统中影响土壤改良的效应进行了综述,旨在为我国南方农田土壤改良和农业生产可持续发展提供参考。     

生物炭施用下土壤微生物量碳氮的动态变化

为了研究生物炭施用量对整个玉米生育期内土壤微生物量及玉米产量的影响,采用田间定位试验,生物炭施用量设置0（BC0）、10（BC1）、20（BC2）和30（BC3） t·hm^-2共4个处理,测定不同处理下土壤微生物量碳、氮及其动态变化和收获后玉米的籽粒产量。结果表明,玉米生育期内各土层土壤微生物量碳随生物炭施用量的增加而增加;与BC0相比,施用生物炭对播种前土壤微生物量碳的影响最为显著,其中,BC3处理在0—10、10—20和20—30 cm土层的微生物量碳较对照分别增加103.2%、91.8%和158.5%。土壤微生物量氮和微生物量碳氮比的变化则与玉米生育期有关。从整个生育期来看,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量在播种前最低,在拔节期达到峰值,之后缓慢降低并保持相对稳定。在播种前,BC3处理土壤微生物商增幅最大,较BC0增加了59.5%,其他生育期土壤微生物商无显著变化。玉米籽粒产量随生物炭施用量的增加而增加,BC2和BC3分别较BC0显著增产11.2%和14.1%。因此,在土壤中施用生物炭可在一定程度上增加土壤微生物量,提高土壤肥力,增加作物产量,为该地区生物炭的合理施用提供理论依据。     

粒状生物质炭基尿素肥料制备及其性能研究

利用沙柱间歇淋溶试验研究评价粒径、尿素和生物质炭质量比、高岭土添加量对肥料缓释性能及颗粒,承受最大破坏力影响规律。当高岭土添加量为10%,在尿素与炭比为1??1~1??5时,可获得80%以上的最大成型率,颗粒的最大破碎压缩力可达10 N以上。随着生物质炭含量增加和肥料颗粒粒径增大,颗粒缓释肥缓释性能提高,当颗粒粒径为5~6 mm,尿素与生物质炭质量比由1??1变化至1??5时,第1次淋溶其累积释放率由43.35%下降至15.64%,比纯尿素颗粒肥下降33%~60%,纯尿素颗粒肥养分到第2次淋溶已完全释放,而缓释肥的尿素的累积释放到第5次淋溶才基本完成。可见缓释肥的缓释性能可通过改变炭粉添加量调节以满足不同作物生长需求。通过对生物质炭基尿素肥料生产流程和经济性分析,说明生物质炭基尿素肥料生产工艺简单、运输方便、价格合理。     

稻草生物炭对甲磺草胺和二氯喹啉酸吸附的影响

以弱酸性除草剂甲磺草胺和二氯喹啉酸为研究对象,研究稻草生物炭对这2种除草剂的吸附特征的影响。结果表明,当在土壤中添加稻草生物炭后,土壤对甲磺草胺、二氯喹啉酸的吸附都显著增加。Friendrich方程能更好地拟合稻草生物炭本身对甲磺草胺的吸附等温线,R2从线性拟合的0.976增加到0.987,Kfads为133.4 mg1-1/nkg-1L1/n。线性方程和Friendrich方程均能很好拟合二氯喹啉酸的吸附等温线,Kd为218.6 L/kg。     

Ash and biochar amendment of coarse sandy soil for growing crops under drought conditions

Appropriate soil amendments may increase plant available water and crop yields on coarse sandy soils under drought conditions. In this study, we applied straw ash or straw biochar from gasification to a Danish coarse sandy subsoil to assess the effects on soil water retention, evapotranspiration and crop yields. Spring barley (2016, 2017) and winter wheat (2018) were grown over three years in columns containing 25cm of organic matter-rich topsoil, 80 cm of amended coarse sandy soil (1.5%, 3%, 6% wt. ash or 1% wt. biochar or control soil) and 45 cm of un-amended subsoil. Precipitation, evaporative demands and soil moisture were recorded across the growth seasons, with 2018 having severe drought conditions. This year evapotranspiration levels increased with increasing ash and biochar content (by 54% and 33% for the 6% ash- and 1% biochar-amended soils, respectively), and plant dry matter increased by 18% in both the 1% biochar- and 6% ash-treated soils compared to the untreated control. A linear relationship was established between in situ field capacity and ash dosage (R² = .96), showing an increase of 2.2% per percentage (wt.) of ash added, while the 1% biochar treatment increased the capacity by 3.5%, indicating a higher efficiency than for ash. However, we did not find significant positive effects on grain yields. The results show that ash and biochar have the potential to significantly increase soil water retention, evapotranspiration and total dry matter yield in drought conditions, but that this may not correspond to an increase in grain yield.     

不同炭硅处理对水稻抗倒伏特性和产量的影响

以越光品种为试验材料,研究了生物炭与硅肥配施对水稻抗倒伏特性、茎秆强度、化学物质含量、酶活性的影响及相互关系。结果表明,花生壳生物炭与硅肥配施显著降低了水稻节长,增加了茎粗,进而降低了水稻的倒伏指数和倒伏面积率,并提高了茎秆中的淀粉、木质素和纤维素含量及木质素关键酶活性。其中,7.5 t/hm²生物炭与45 kg/hm²硅肥基施、叶面喷施0.02%硅肥的处理表现最优,该处理显著增强了越光的抗倒伏性,第1、第2和第3节的倒伏指数分别比对照下降36.42%、30.19%和26.83%,并实现了增产。相关分析表明,水稻的倒伏指数、倒伏面积率与茎秆强度呈极显著负相关;茎秆中淀粉、纤维素和木质素含量与茎秆强度呈显著或极显著正相关,与倒伏指数和倒伏面积率呈显著或极显著负相关;木质素含量与PAL、TAL、4CL和CAD等酶的活性呈显著正相关。研究结果可为优质水稻越光的抗倒伏栽培提供科学依据和技术支持。     

Does Biochar Addition Influence the Change Points of Soil Phosphorus Leaching?

Phosphorus change point indicating the threshold related to P leaching, largely depends on soil properties. Increasing data have shown that biochar addition can improve soil retention capacity of ions. However, we have known little about weather biochar amendment influence the change point of P leaching. In this study, two soils added with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 g biochar kg-1 were incubated at 25℃ for 14 d following adjusting the soil moisture to 50% water-holding capacity （WHC）. The soils with different available P values were then obtained by adding a series of KH2PO4 solution （ranging from 0 to 600 mg P kg-1 soil）, and subjecting to three cycles of drying and rewetting. The results showed that biochar addition significantly lifted the P change points in the tested soils, together with changes in soil pH, organic C, Olen-P and CaC12-P but little on exchangeable Ca and Mg, oxalate-extractable Fe and Al. The Olsen-P at the change points ranged from 48.65 to 185.07 mg kg-1 in the alluvial soil and 71.25 to 98.65 mg kg^-1 in the red soil, corresponding to CaCl2-P of 0.31-6.49 and 0.18-0.45 mg L~, respectively. The change points of the alluvial soil were readily changed by adding biochar compared with that of the red soil. The enhancement of change points was likely to be explained as the improvement of phosphate retention ability in the biochar-added soils.     

Effect of Crop-Straw Derived Biochars on Pb(Ⅱ) Adsorption in Two Variable Charge Soils

Two variable charge soils were incubated with biochars derived from straws of peanut, soybean, canola, and rice to investigate the effect of the biochars on their chemical properties and Pb（II） adsorption using batch experiments. The results showed soil cation exchange capacity （CEC） and pH significantly increased after 30 d of incubation with the biochars added. The incorporation of the biochars markedly increased the adsorption of Pb（II）, and both the electrostatic and non-electrostatic adsorption mechanisms contributed to Pb（II） adsorption by the variable charge soils. Adsorption isotherms illustrated legume- straw derived biochars more greatly increased Pb（II） adsorption on soils through the non-electrostatic mechanism via the formation of surface complexes between Pb（II） and acid functional groups of the biochars than did non-legume straw biochars. The adsorption capacity of Pb（II） increased, while the desorption amount slightly decreased with the increasing suspension pH for the studied soils, especially in a high suspension pH, indicating that precipitation also plays an important role in immobilizing Pb（II） to the soils.