Effects of two continuous infusion doses of lidocaine on isoflurane minimum anesthetic concentration in chickens

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of two intravenous (IV) doses of lidocaine on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in chickens.Study designBlinded, prospective, randomized, experimental crossover study.AnimalsA total of six adult female chickens weighing 1.90 ± 0.15 kg.MethodsChickens were anesthetized with isoflurane and mechanically ventilated. Isoflurane MAC values were determined (T0) in duplicate using an electrical noxious stimulus and the bracketing method. After MAC determination, a low dose (LD; 3 mg kg^–1 followed by 3 mg kg^–1 hour^–1) or high dose (HD; 6 mg kg^?1 followed by 6 mg kg^?1 hour^–1) of lidocaine was administered IV. MAC determination was repeated at 1.5 (T1.5) and 3 (T3) hours of lidocaine administration and blood was collected for analysis of plasma lidocaine and monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) concentrations. Pulse rate, peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation, noninvasive systolic arterial pressure and cloacal temperature were recorded at T0, T1.5 and T3. Treatments were separated by 1 week. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects model for repeated measures.ResultsMAC of isoflurane (mean ± standard deviation) at T0 was 1.47 ± 0.18%. MAC at T1.5 and T3 was 1.32 ± 0.27% and 1.26 ± 0.09% (treatment LD); and 1.28 ± 0.06% and 1.30 ± 0.06% (treatment HD). There were no significant differences between treatments or times. Maximum plasma lidocaine concentrations at T3 were 496 ± 98 and 1200 ± 286 ng mL^–1 for treatments LD and HD, respectively, and were not significantly different from T1.5. With treatment HD, plasma concentration of MEGX was significantly higher at T3 than at T1.5. Physiological variables were not significantly different among times with either treatment.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAdministration of lidocaine did not significantly change isoflurane MAC in chickens. Within treatments, plasma lidocaine concentrations were not significantly different at 1.5 and 3 hours.     

平衡施肥对辣椒生长和增产提质的影响

为明确平衡施肥对辣椒生长的影响和增产增收的效果,构建辣椒高产优质的生产技术体系和促进农业产业绿色、高效、可持续性发展,于2023年2—8月开展田间施肥试验,共设置不施肥(CK)、缺氮施肥(PK)、缺磷施肥(NK)、缺钾施肥(NP)和氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)5个处理,探究不同施肥处理对辣椒生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明：氮磷钾平衡施肥有助于促进辣椒株高和茎粗的生长,与对照相比较,氮磷钾平衡施肥处理辣椒的株高和茎粗分别显著增加21.31%和26.54%;不同施肥处理辣椒产量在28 157.39～33 520.05 kg/hm²,均极显著高于对照,氮磷钾平衡施肥处理产量最高,较对照增加17341.82kg/hm²,增产率为107.19%;氮磷钾平衡施肥还能极显著提升盛果期辣椒品质指标,辣椒VC含量、游离氨基酸含量和可溶性总糖含量较对照分别提高66.67%、39.28%和43.82%;氮肥和钾肥对于辣椒产量和品质提升的贡献高于磷肥。氮磷钾平衡施肥(尿素、过磷酸钙、氯化钾用量分别为782.61、2 416.67、193.55 kg/hm^2<...     

种植和施肥方式对云南坡耕地氮素流失的影响*

 通过野外坡度为146°的径流小区进行实地观测,研究种植和施肥方式对云南坡耕地氮素流失的影响。结果表明,在等高种植+平衡施肥+等高植物篱条带组合农艺措施条件下,玉米吸收氮素达到流失总量的9942%,土壤侵蚀流失氮为流失总量的048%,径流流失氮为流失总量的010%;顺坡种植+农民习惯施肥玉米吸收氮为流失总量的7936%,而土壤侵蚀流失氮占到流失总量的2022%,径流流失氮占流失总量的042%。等高种植比顺坡种植增加玉米吸收氮786%,减少土壤侵蚀流失氮7430%,减少径流流失氮2931%。等高种植+平衡施肥条件下,等高植物篱条带减少玉米吸收氮332%,减少土壤侵蚀流失氮8661%,减少径流流失氮达5610%;顺坡种植+习惯施肥条件下,等高植物篱条带减少玉米吸收氮448%,减少土壤侵蚀流失氮9651%,减少径流流失氮6094%。平衡施肥比习惯施肥增加玉米吸收氮4128%,减少土壤侵蚀流失氮1938%;减少径流流失氮938%。     

黄淮海平原粮食均衡增产潜力及空间分异

在当前区域发展和保障粮食安全的双向压力下,为了了解粮食主产区增产潜力、区域内部差异及空间分布特征,该文以土地利用现状数据为基础,通过空间均衡增产途径分析,初步研究了黄淮海平原均衡增产潜力及其空间分布;运用空间自相关分析方法结合GIS技术,分析了黄淮海平原增产潜力空间分布模式。结果表明:黄淮海平原粮食增产潜力达到3 304.57万t,空间上表现为南部平原区高于西北部平原区;黄淮海平原粮食增产潜力的空间分布存在正的空间自相关性,空间集聚类型主要为高高集聚型和低低集聚型;在增产潜力及增产潜力空间分布模式引导下,黄淮海平原土地整治类型区划可分为中低产田改造区,包含258个区县;农用地整理区包含24个区县;农村居民点整治区,包含20个区县;土地开发区,包含7个区县。通过均衡的思想,对进一步提高粮食主产区的产量,保护国家粮食安全有重要意义,同时可为因地制宜制定区域均衡增产方向和途径提供支撑。     

Long‐term effects of manure and fertilization on soil organic matter and quality parameters of a calcareous soil in NW China

Long‐term applications of inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure influence organic matter as well as other soil‐quality parameters, but the magnitude of change depends on soil‐climatic conditions. Effects of 22 annual applications (1982–2003) of N, P, and K inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure (M) on total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TON), light‐fraction organic C (LFOC) and N (LFON), microbial‐biomass C (MB‐C) and N (MB‐N), total and extractable P, total and exchangeable K, and pH in 0–20 cm soil, nitrate‐N (NO ‐N) in 0–210 cm soil, and N, P, and K balance sheets were determined using a field experiment established in 1982 on a calcareous desert soil (Orthic Anthrosol) at Zhangye, Gansu, China. A rotation of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐wheat‐corn (Zea mays L.) was used to compare the control, N, NP, NPK, M, MN, MNP, and MNPK treatments. Annual additions of inorganic fertilizers for 22 y increased mass of LFON, MB‐N, total P, extractable P, and exchangeable K in topsoil. This effect was generally enhanced with manure application. Application of manure also increased mass of TOC and MB‐C in soil, and tended to increase LFOC, TON, and MB‐N. There was no noticeable effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil pH. There was a close relationship between some soil‐quality parameters and the amount of C or N in straw that was returned to the soil. The N fertilizer alone resulted in accumulation of large amounts of NO ‐N at the 0–210 cm soil depth, accounting for 6% of the total applied N, but had the lowest recovery of applied N in the crop (34%). Manure alone resulted in higher NO ‐N in the soil profile compared with the control, and the MN treatment had the highest amount of NO ‐N in the soil profile. Application of N in combination with P and/or K fertilizers in both manured and unmanured treatments usually reduced NO ‐N accumulation in the soil profile compared with N alone and increased the N recovery in the crop as much as 66%. The N that was unaccounted for, as a percentage of applied N, was highest in the N‐alone treatment (60%) and lowest in the NPK treatment (30%). In the manure + chemical fertilizer treatments, the unaccounted N ranged from 35% to 43%. Long‐term P fertilization resulted in accumulation of extractable P in the surface soil. Compared to the control, the amount of P in soil‐plant system was surplus in plots that received P as fertilizer and/or manure, and the unaccounted P as percentage of applied P ranged from 64% to 80%. In the no‐manure plots, the unaccounted P decreased from 72% in NP to 64% in NPK treatment from increased P uptake due to balanced fertilization. Compared to the control, the amount of K in soil‐plant system was deficit in NPK treatment, i.e., the recovery of K in soil + plant was more than the amount of applied K. In manure treatments, the recovery of applied K in crop increased from 26% in M to 61% in MNPK treatment, but the unaccounted K decreased from 72% in M to 37% in MNPK treatment. The findings indicated that integrated application of N, P, and K fertilizers and manure is an important strategy to maintain or increase soil organic C and N, improve soil fertility, maintain nutrients balance, and minimize damage to the environment, while also improving crop yield.     

一种快速的基于云计算的碰撞检测算法

针对复杂场景中碰撞检测的实时性、精确性的要求,提出一种基于云计算模型的并行碰撞检测算法。利用分治策略和混合层次包围盒较好的紧密性优点来构建物体的包围盒树,利用云计算编程模型来多线程遍历包围体层次树,提高碰挂检测的速度。实验表明,该方法不但可以控制算法的性能和检测质量,并且能增加算法的适应性。     

基于中国居民平衡膳食模式的人均粮食需求量研究

【目的】中国是发展中的农业大国,人均资源极其稀缺,粮食安全始终是关系到国民经济发展、社会稳定与国家自立的全局性重大战略问题。人均粮食需求量是计算国家粮食需求量、制定保障粮食安全相关政策时的基础性指标。论文首次从居民营养健康的视角出发,分析中国人均粮食需求量的组成部分,测算基于平衡膳食模式下的中国人均粮食需求量,为实现资源的效用最大化、确保中国粮食安全提供新的数据支持,也为相应消费引导政策的制定提供科学依据。【方法】采用膳食平衡分析法计算基于平衡膳食模式下的人均口粮和饲料用粮、加工用粮的需求量;采用趋势预测法计算种子用粮、工业用粮、损耗等人均需求量。在此基础上,应用情景分析法讨论其不同影响程度。【结果】基于平衡膳食模式的人均粮食需求量不超过400 kg•a-1;其中,低方案为252.64  kg•a-1,中方案为322.07 kg•a-1,高方案为386.60 kg•a-1。近年来,中国实际人均粮食消费量在406.09-378.88 kg•a-1波动,实际值大于基于平衡膳食模式下的人均粮食需求量。【结论】中国人均粮食需求量 322.07 kg•a-1,基本满足中国人均粮食安全的需求量。如果中国粮食人均占有量386.60 kg•a-1,就能够基本确保中国的粮食安全。目前,中国居民由于不合理的食物消费结构模式,造成基于平衡膳食模式下的人均粮食需求量与人均粮食消费量存在差异。为此,国家应该以营养健康为目标调整食物生产结构、加强居民对平衡膳食结构等食物消费认识的宣传普及工作,以及引导居民建立合理的食物消费习惯。     

实现鲜食玉米一二三产业融合发展

鲜食玉米具有串联一二三产业的优良属性,发展鲜食玉米种植、旅游、休闲、加工、贸易、服务产业,对于构建新型鲜食玉米产业形态,具有重要意义。通过分析一二三产业现状和发展方向,从产品特性、消费者、产业者层面探讨了鲜食玉米实现一二三产业融合发展的可行性。通过剖析当前存在的规划设计能力不足、种植业社会化组织不健全、企业深加工和产品研发能力欠缺等弊端,理清了产业融合发展的短板。以可行性和发展短板分析为基础,从我国鲜食玉米产业实际出发,进行了一二三产业融合发展设计,细分产业格局,强化产业利益联结,从根本上提高产业融合水平,实现农村产业跨越式发展。一二三产业融合发展将促进鲜食玉米产业升级,推动建立中国特色的具有国际影响力的“黄金”产业。     

船载投饵装置平衡抖料系统设计与试验

针对船载虾塘投饵装置直接搭载传统投饵机导致破碎率高、下料过程中船体重心偏移大影响螺旋桨吃水深度等问题,设计了一种船载专用投饵装置平衡抖料系统。该系统利用电机带动偏心轮转动产生周期变化的高低差,通过多个支撑架复合式作用使饵料箱体整体平衡抖动,保障均匀下料的同时降低饵料破碎率;采用系统固定支点位置可调的整体抖动下料方式,实现较长距离无损饵料输送,解决了投喂过程船体因重心位置变化大导致尾部驱动部分吃水线变化幅度过大的问题,使得螺旋桨驱动效能更加稳定。通过抖料系统机构数学模型,获得了振动系统最优偏心量;采用力矩平衡方程进行了抖料装置支架最佳点位置分析;开展了电机能耗测试以及转动支架与料箱坡角设计。计算分析得：当偏心量为1.2mm,支点位置（-40,0）时,以额定转速2600r/min直流电机作振动源电机,实际工作功率低于80W,下料速率接近均值1.63kg/min。现场试验表明：与料箱置于尾部相比,船体驱动部分满载和空载吃水变化由10.2cm减小为7.3cm;该投饵装置正常工作速度平均1.03m/s,下料均匀,破碎率低。该系统适应于现场环境,生产和维护成本低,结构简单可靠,便于推广应用,具有较高的实用价值。     

现代林业育苗的理念与技术

文中介绍了现代林业育苗理念、育苗容器的发展趋势和平衡根系轻基质育苗技术的精髓, 并重点以桉树为例进行了分析。