“小麦/玉米/大豆”套作体系中不同作物间的相互作用及氮素的转移、吸收

在根系分隔盆栽条件下,采用15N土壤稀释标记方法,研究了“小麦/玉米/大豆”三熟套作体系不同作物间的相互作用及氮素的转移、吸收利用特性。结果表明,“小麦/玉米/大豆”套作体系促进小麦对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收,不分隔处理的生物产量、15N总吸收量和总回收率得到显著提高,土壤残留15N丰度及总氮含量明显降低;玉米表现出套作优势（Awc<0,NCRwc<0）,不分隔处理的籽粒产量、籽粒15N吸收量、15N总回收率、土壤残留15N丰度及总氮含量较分隔处理提高17.17%、24.52%、17.63%、13.9%和10.1%;大豆表现出套作劣势,不分隔处理的15N总吸收量、籽粒15N吸收量、15N总回收率和土壤残留15N丰度降低,土壤总氮含量提高6.06%。“小麦/玉米/大豆”套作体系存在氮素的双向转移,以玉米向小麦、大豆向玉米转移为主。     

小麦-鹅观草易位系T7A/1Rk#1的选育与鉴定

将小麦-鹅观草del1Rk#1L二体添加系的花粉用10 Gy 60Co γ射线照射处理,给小麦中国春授粉,获得杂种。综合利用C-分带、GISH、顺次C带/45SrDNA-FISH和顺次GISH/45SrDNA-FISH等分子细胞遗传学技术在M2代筛选和鉴定出1个涉及小麦7A和鹅观草1Rk#1染色体的相互易位染色体系,并获得1Rk#1染色体的1个45SrDNA位标,该位标和其对应的红色GISH-带纹能够特异地识别1Rk#1染色体短臂。对M2代群体染色体组成分析和测交分析表明,两条易位染色体在后代中以共分离方式成对出现,且易位通过雌配子的传递率高于雄配子。综合2004、2005和2006 3年的赤霉病抗性鉴定结果表明：该易位系对赤霉病表现部分抗病,但抗性表现在不同年份、不同地点有差异。试验还证明花粉辐射是诱导小麦-外缘物种染色体易位的有效方法。     

猪链球菌2型次黄嘌呤核苷酸脱氢酶(IMPDH)重组蛋白的酶活性和免疫原性检测

通过PCR方法从猪链球菌2型(Streptococcus suis)05ZYH33分离株基因组中扩增出次黄嘌呤核苷酸脱氢酶基因(inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase,impdh),长度1 064 bp.PCR产物和pET28a载体分别经过EcoR Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ双酶切,连接,成功地构建了重组表达质粒pET28a-impah,并转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3)中,经过1 mmol/L IPTG诱导获得表达,蛋白大小35kD.表达蛋白具有良好的抗原性和酶活性.蛋白经过亲和层析纯化后,在37℃,pH7.0～9.0表现出较强酶活性,NADH A_(340)介于0.662～0.816之间.     

ALA提高丙酯草醚胁迫下油菜幼苗耐性研究

对油菜幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度的丙酯草醚(ZJ0273)和5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA),研究了ALA与丙酯草醚协同处理对苗期的油菜是否安全。结果表明,丙酯草醚随浓度从100~1000mg/L变化,逐渐抑制油菜幼苗生长,鲜重减少,净光合速率和叶绿素含量降低;过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性下降,丙二醛(MDA)积累提高。而10~100mg/L的ALA则促进油菜幼苗生长,增加植株的鲜重、净光合速率并提高了叶绿素含量,POD、SOD和APX酶活性均比对照显著提高,MDA积累减少;500mg/L的ALA效果相反,表现为抑制作物生长。100mg/L ALA和不同浓度的丙酯草醚协同处理,油菜幼苗均比对照生长的更好,鲜重增加,净光合速率提高,抗氧化酶活性增加,MDA积累减少。因此,ALA可以提高油菜幼苗在除草剂丙酯草醚胁迫下的耐性。     

TRANSPORTATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF 14C-RESERVES ON DIFFERENT GENOTYPE WHEAT VARIETIES AFTER ANTHESIS

利用14CO₂对不同持绿性状的小麦品种进行花前示踪标记,研究持绿小麦的14C-储备物在花后的转运与分配规律。结果表明,小麦花前标记的14C-储备物在开花时80%～90%已储存于茎杆和颖壳中,仅有约10%～20%残留在叶片中;开花后这些储备物都向籽粒转运,成熟时籽粒中14C分配率约为20%～40%,茎杆与颖壳中含有约60%～80%,极少量残留在叶片中。持绿型小麦YM66的14C-储备物从叶片和茎杆中输出的快,成熟时籽粒含有40%的14C-储备物,这样比率高于对照品种XY22 和早衰品种WM6的14C-储备物。     

黑曲霉固体发酵产木聚糖酶的响应面优化设计及其酶学性质的研究

本研究采用响应面法的中心组合对影响黑曲霉(aspergillus niger JL 15)固体发酵产木聚糖酶的条件进行了优化.以橘皮粉为基质,补充碳源、氮源,以及含水量和发酵时间对木聚糖酶产量具有显著影响(P<0.05).模拟二次多项式回归预测模型,并建立自变量与响应值的回归方程,获得各因素的最佳水平,即:甘油、硫酸铵的添加量分别为4.2%和3.1%,含水量为61%,发酵时间为73.4 h,木聚糖酶活性最大预测值达922.9 U/g干发酵产物,验证值为917.7 U/g干发酵产物,高出基础培养基酶活3.2倍.酶学性质分析研究表明,黑曲霉木聚糖酶(XylA)的最适温度和最适pH分别为55oC和pH 5.0.XylA的K_m和V_(max)值分别为9.24 mg/mL和54.05 μmol/min/mL.Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和斗和Mg~(2+)对XylA活性具有促进作用,而Fe~(3+)和cu~(2+)对XylA活性具有明显抑制作用.HPLC分析结果表明,XylA的水解桦木木聚糖和麸皮不溶性木聚糖的产物均为木糖至木六糖,主要产物为木三糖.     

Nutrients management strategies to improve yield and quality of sugar beet in semi-arid regions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield and quality of sugar beet genotypes (Beta vulgaris L.). Therefore, a field trial was carried out in Peshawar, Pakistan, during the winters in 2012–2013. The field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with split plots, having three replications. Fertilizer treatments (control, composted manure Higo Organic Plus at 5 t ha^?1, Maxicrop Sea Gold seaweed extract at 5 L ha^?1, farm yard manure at 10 t ha^?1, inorganic nitrogen–phosphorus (NP) at 90:60 kg ha^?1, NP at 120:90 kg ha^?1 and NP at 150:120 kg ha^?1) were allotted to main plots, while genotypes (Sandrina, Serenada and Kawe Terma) were allotted to the sub-plots. Plots treated with the application of NP at 120:90 kg ha^?1 produced the highest beet yield (76.4 t ha^?1) and sugar yield (11.1 t ha^?1), and had the second highest polarizable sugar content (14.52%) and more economic return (Rs. 553,000 per hectare) as compared to control plots. Sugar beet genotype Serenada had significantly higher beet yield (55.5 t ha^?1) and sugar yield (7.9 t ha^?1) and a higher economic return (Rs. 380,000 per hectare) than the other genotypes. Sugar beet genotype Serenada supplied with NP at 120:90 kg ha^?1is recommended for the general cultivation in the agro-climatic conditions of Peshawar valley.     

大兴安岭天然林不同林分溶解有机碳变化特征

为确定不同林分和季节变化对森林碳库影响。在内蒙古大兴安岭根河林业局境内选取具有代表性的林分,即白桦林、白桦落叶松混交林以及落叶松林为研究对象。收集并测定了树干径流、有机质层和0-30 cm土层中DOC浓度,并分析了DOC变化特征以及不同月份对DOC的影响。结果表明:不同林分中树干径流中DOC平均浓度分别为60.12,172.77,205.02 mg/L;有机质层中DOC平均浓度分别为35.32,39.64,34.45 mg/L;0-30 cm土层中DOC平均浓度分别为26.23,37.08,26.53 mg/L。结果表明:不同林分中DOC浓度表现为树干径流 > 有机质层 > 0-30 cm土层,落叶松林树干径流DOC浓度明显高于白桦林（p<0.05）,且落叶松树干比白桦树干淋溶DOC强;不同林分中有机质层和0-30 cm土层表现为白桦落叶松混交林>白桦林、落叶松林,但无明显的差异（p>0.05）,而且有机质层和土层对DOC有吸附固定作用;不同林分6-9月份树干径流中DOC浓度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,7月份达到最大,机质层和0-30 cm土层中DOC浓度6月份最高,7月、8月最低,而9月份又升高。不同林分和月份的变化,影响了天然林中DOC浓度分布。     

Integrated Management of Organic Manures and Chemical Fertilizers for Enhancing Paddy Yield and the Nutrient Content of Rice Cultivars

The integrated nutrient management with organic manure and chemical fertilizers can improve rice (Oryza sativa L.) production, soil health, and fertility. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of organic manures and chemical fertilizers on the yield and nutrient content of wetland rice under field conditions. It was conducted in northern Iran in two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016 as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications. Two local rice cultivars, Tarom Hashemi and Tarom Mahalli, were chosen as the first factor; mineral fertilizers in four levels: 100% recommended nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK), 75% recommended nitrogen with 100% phosphorus-potassium (PK), 75% recommended phosphorus with 100% nitrogen-potassium (NK), and 75% recommended potassium with 100% nitrogen-phosphorus (NP), were selected based on soil analysis and were arranged as the second factor; and three levels of organic manures, namely zero and eight tons of vermicompost per hectare, and 10 tons of rotted manure per hectare was the third factor. Results revealed that the highest paddy yield occurs with vermicompost and manure consumption for both cultivars. Moreover, the highest paddy yield (3962 kg ha^?1) occurs with 100% recommended NPK and vermicompost consumption. For both cultivars, the most chlorophyll a and chlorophyll ab content was produced with application of 100% recommended NPK. The most grain nitrogen content, grain nitrogen uptake, protein content, and protein yield were observed with 100% recommended NPK applied with 10 tons of rotted manure and eight tons of vermicompost usage per hectare. Therefore, in view of the ever-increasing use of chemical fertilizers and irreversible damage thereby, the additional use of these compounds can benefit the environment and human health. The global attention to sustainable agricultural concepts and organic manure can, in addition to producing reasonable yields, be considered as an appropriate alternative to chemical fertilizers.     

饱和D-最优设计在高蛋白大豆施肥优化中的应用

【目的】高蛋白大豆生产是我国农业供给侧改革发展的一个重点产业,合理施肥是实现高蛋白大豆生产的一个必要环节。利用饱和D-最优设计对黄淮海地区高蛋白大豆氮、磷、钾肥施用量进行研究,旨在为高蛋白大豆生产中的肥料配施提供理论依据和参考。【方法】以高蛋白大豆冀豆21为试验材料,采用氮、磷、钾三因素二次饱和D-最优设计,每个因素分别设10个处理,每个处理3次重复,共计30个小区,随机区组排列。各处理肥料均在大豆开花期分批次施用,成熟后测定大豆产量及籽粒蛋白质含量。【结果】建立了以氮、磷、钾施用量编码值为变量因子,高蛋白大豆产量和蛋白质含量为目标函数的三元二次多项式数学模式。通过对模型解析寻优表明,氮、磷、钾肥对高蛋白大豆和蛋白质含量均有显著影响,且氮肥>钾肥>磷肥;当氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为95.46、183.8和128.7 kg/hm^2时,边际产量效应值为0,当氮、磷、钾肥分别为120.8、178.4和141.3 kg/hm^2时,边际蛋白质含量效应值为0。氮磷、氮钾、磷钾对高蛋白大豆产量和蛋白质含量存在明显的交互作用。本试验条件下,大豆产量超过3104 kg/hm^2,籽粒蛋白质含量46.04%以上的施肥方案为施氮量76.13～101.1 kg/hm^2,施磷量131.1～168.5 kg/hm^2,施钾量104.9～134.8 kg/hm^2。【结论】利用饱和D建立的肥料函数模型可以很好的说明氮、磷、钾施肥与大豆产量、蛋白质含量的连续变化关系和氮、磷、钾间的互作效应,适量的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥可有效提高高蛋白大豆产量和蛋白质含量。供试条件下,最佳肥料配比是N76.1～101.1 kg/hm^2、P 131.1～168.5 kg/hm^2、K 104.9～134.8 kg/hm^2。