兽用抗寄生虫药物新剂型及其新技术的研究进展

兽用抗寄生虫药物由于使用频繁,其给药技术研究一直备受重视.目前,兽用抗寄生虫药物新剂型和新技术的研究主要集中在缓释控释制剂和脂质体制剂,其次是透皮给药系统、微囊、微球、环糊精包合物、固体分散体等.但这些新剂型和新技术大多还处于研究阶段,在处方设计或制剂工艺方面都还存在一些问题,今后应加强这些新剂型的工艺和技术研究,以真正发挥这些新剂型的优点.     

注射用盐酸土霉素的细菌内毒素检查

参照<中国兽药典>二○○○年版一部附录细菌内毒素检查法,研究了注射用盐酸土霉素对细菌内毒素检测的干扰情况,确定0.312 5 mg/mL浓度的供试品溶液对检测无干扰作用,建立了注射用盐酸土霉素的细菌内毒素限量检查方法.     

流感疫苗脂质体制备的初步研究

以包封率为依据,采用薄膜分散法制备疫苗脂质体,以Lowry检测法测定包封率.结果制备得到包封率高于84%的疫苗脂质体.制备过程中冻融处理、磷脂用量对疫苗脂质体包封率影响较大,该实验筛选得到的配方能制备得到较高包封率的疫苗脂质体.     

红掌细菌性疫病的病原菌初步鉴定

 在云南西双版纳的红掌上发现一种由细菌侵染引起的病害,从叶片的病组织上分离到具有致病性的杆状细菌,将分离的病原菌接种于健康的红掌上,表现出与田间一致的症状。感病初期在叶缘或叶脉间出现水渍状小点,后期病斑多呈棕褐色至黑色坏死,病健交界处多呈黄色。从接种发病的病斑与田间标样上分离的病原菌菌落形态完全相同。通过菌株的培养性状、常规生理生化特性及透射电镜下菌体形态观察结果,将病原菌初步鉴定为黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)。BIOLOG鉴定和致病性测定结果进一步鉴定病原菌为地毯草黄单胞菌花叶万年青致病变种Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae(Xad)(McCulloch & Pirone) Vauterin et al.     

BsC3-41杀蚊幼制剂对蚊幼虫毒杀效果研究

通过以BsC3- 41杀蚊幼制剂对 3种蚊幼虫进行生物活性测定和野外灭蚊试验 ,结果表明 :该制剂对致乏库蚊CulexfatigansWiedemann的毒杀效果最好、对中华按蚊AnophelessinensisWiedemann次之、对白纹伊蚊AedesalbopictusSkuse的效果较差 ,2 4小时LC50值分别为 0 2 0 2 5 μg/ml、 2 5 363μg/ml和 5 9 730 2 μg/ml。野外水体灭蚊使用 3ml/m2 的浓度防治淡色库蚊效果可达 98 88%～ 1 0 0 0 0 % ,使用 1 0ml/m2 的浓度防治中华按蚊效果可达96 81 %～ 1 0 0 0 0 % ,使用 2 0 0ml/m2 的浓度防治白纹伊蚊效果达到 90 64%以上。     

Evaluation of sampling methods and assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil, taking into account spatial variability

As field sampling is time consuming, it is necessary to develop efficient sampling techniques to obtain accurate estimates of the weed seedbank in soil. The relative efficiency between sampling schemes depends on the spatial variability in weed seed density across agricultural fields. Spatial variability of the weed seed density was characterized by theoretical correlograms. A systematic sampling (square grill) scheme was considered and it was found that, taking into account spatial variability, this sampling scheme was more efficient than simple random sampling. As a result, the sample size can be reduced in comparison with that given in previous studies, where spatial correlation was ignored. The reduction depends on the correlation structure defined as a function of the ratio, τ, between the nugget effect and the sill of the variogram. The maximum reduction of the sample size, without loss of either precision or confidence level corresponds to the case where there is no nugget effect, τ = 0. The opposite extreme case, where the reduction is nil, corresponds to the case of a pure nugget effect τ = 1. The abaci based on given expressions are provided to determine the sample size in species whose spatial pattern can be fitted either to a Poisson or to a negative binomial distribution.     

Identification and use of a wild plant with antimicrobial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum, the cause of bacterial wilt of potato

Fresh aerial tissue and roots of 14 wild plants in Okinawa prefecture were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum , which causes bacterial wilt of potato. A 70% aqueous ethanol extract of fresh aerial tissue of Geranium carolinianum L. showed strong antimicrobial activity against R. solanacearum . This extract also showed antimicrobial activity against the pathogens causing common scab of potato and soil rot of sweet potato. The antimicrobial substance could be extracted with hot water, and was effective against R. solanacearum in soil. In the field test, a treatment combining incorporation of dried aerial tissue into the soil and solarization was highly effective for control of bacterial wilt of potato. These findings suggest that G. carolinianum L. could be used as a biological agent for the control of bacterial wilt of potato.     

Characterization and PCR-based Typing of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria from Peppers and Tomatoes in Serbia

During the last two decades bacterial strains associated with necrotic leaf spots of pepper and tomato fruit spots were collected in Serbia. Twenty-eight strains isolated from pepper and six from tomato were characterized. A study of their physiological and pathological characteristics, and fatty acid composition analysis revealed that all of the strains belong to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Being non-amylolytic and non-pectolytic, pathogenic on pepper but not on tomato, containing lower amounts of fatty acid 15 : 0 ante–iso, the pepper strains were designated as members of the A group of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. However, the tomato strains hydrolyzed starch and pectate, caused compatible reactions on tomato but not on pepper, had higher percent of 15 : 0 ante–iso fatty acid, and were classified into B phenotypic group and identified as X. vesicatoria. PCR primers were developed which amplified conserved DNA regions related to the hrp genes of different strains of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria associated with pepper and tomato. Restriction analysis of the PCR product resulted in different patterns and enabled grouping of the strains into four groups. When xanthomonads isolated from pepper and tomato in Serbia were analyzed, they clustered into two groups corresponding to the grouping based on their physiological and pathological characteristics. According to the reaction of pepper and tomato differential varieties, the strains from pepper belong to races P7 and P8 and tomato strains belong to the race T2. All strains were sensitive to copper and streptomycin. Advantages and disadvantages of various bacterial spot management practices are discussed.     

不同固定条件对几种植物样品超微结构的影响

为比较几种固定条件对不同植物材料样品电镜超微结构图像清晰度的影响。以3个不同科属4种植物[油棕(Elaeis gineansis Jacq.)、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana.)、花生(Arachis hypogaea Linn.)、柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensias Sw.)]为研究主体代表,探讨了2.5%戊二醛与4%戊二醛固定过夜、锇酸固定2 h及过夜的制备方法对其叶片超微结构的影响,并成功观察了柱花草接种胶苞炭疽野生型菌株CH008后的病菌侵入过程。结果表明:油棕、拟南芥、花生及柱花草叶片经4%戊二醛与1%锇酸固定液固定过夜,其组织成像的效果均较为理想,各种细胞器整体信息丰富、结构组织完好、线条清晰。表明,此制备方法能够较好的保存植物叶片和细胞组织,提高制样的成功率及观察分辨率。