拮抗细菌菌株Bacillus spp.间的相互作用及其对水稻纹枯病的抑制

测定了6个Bacillus spp.和1个Pseudomonas sp.P-13(G-对照菌株)在PPM培养基上的相互作用。在总共42个组合中，有27个组合是可亲和性的。在以B5423为单剂之一的5个组合中，亲和性的组合有4个。在温室条件下通过分批播种，在水稻分蘖盛期喷以B5423-R(B5423的标记菌株，是利福平抗性的突变体)为单剂之一的4个亲和性组合的菌悬浮液，以检测该组合中B5423-R在水稻茎基部的种群数量。结果发现，与单剂B5423-R相比，在应用1～7天内，组合B5423-R B45中，B5423-R的群体数量显著性降低；组合B5423-R B95、B5423-R B77中，B5423-R的群体数量与单剂无显著差异；组合B5423-R B4313中，B5423-R的群体数量在应用1～4天内与单剂无显著性差异，但在应用第7天显著地高于单剂。离体叶片纹枯病痛斑面积的抑制试验表明，与各自的单剂相比，组合B95 B5423及B95 Er77显著地抑制了纹枯病病斑面积；而组合B45 B80、B45 B5423和B45 B95纹枯病病斑面积显著地高于各自的单剂；其余10个组合与各自的单剂无显著差异。     

细菌载体技术研究进展

随着重组DNA 技术的发展和应用,基因工程疫苗的研究取得了快速的进展.其中,最有发展前景的研究领域之一是以细菌为活载体的疫苗,即将所需的编码病原菌特异性抗原的DNA 片段插入减毒的病原菌或者共生菌中,以递呈表达所编码的抗原,以期达到预防一种或多种疾病的作用.细菌载体疫苗是新型疫苗的重要发展方向,文章主要对卡介苗、志贺菌和乳酸杆菌等细菌载体疫苗加以介绍.     

设施番茄连作障碍土壤修复及其对青枯病害的防治效果

连作障碍的土壤修复是世界性难题。本研究利用土壤微生态修复剂结合青枯病植物疫苗菌剂来改良土壤和预防青枯病发生。在连作7年的番茄地,设3种处理,处理1为添加量60 t/hm²的土壤微生态修复剂和植物疫苗100倍稀释液,处理2为添加量30 t/hm²的土壤微生态修复剂和植物疫苗100倍稀释液,CK为不添加土壤微生态修复剂和植物疫苗,研究不同处理对连作番茄土壤养分、土壤酶活性、植株生长特性及病害防效的影响。结果表明,土壤微生态修复剂2种不同添加量处理的番茄土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和交换性钙含量均显著高于对照,而全钾含量显著低于对照;两种不同添加量处理的番茄土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均显著高于对照,添加量为30 t/hm²处理的土壤各酶活性（酸性磷酸酶除外）大于添加量为60 t/hm²处理的土壤;添加30 t/hm²处理的单果重量（113.82 g）显著高于添加量60 t/hm²处理（104.07 g）和对照处理（104.99 g）（P<0.05）,其对番茄青枯病防效达91.87%,大于添加量为60 t/hm²处理的防效（55.34%）。     

十种杀菌剂对李细菌性穿孔病的毒力测定与药效试验

选用10种杀菌剂,研究其对李细菌性穿孔病的防治效果。结果表明:室内抑菌和田间药效试验结果基本一致,防治效果依次为50%福美双可湿性粉剂、72%农用链霉素可溶性粉剂、硫酸阿米卡星注射液、硫酸庆大霉素注射液和8%宁南霉素水剂。不同厂家生产的72%农用链霉素可溶性粉剂的抑菌和防治效果差异显著。     

Effects of glandular trichomes on the development of Phytophthora infestans infection in potato (S. tuberosum)

S. berthaulltii Hawkes, a wild potato species, possesses two types of glandular trichomes on its leaf surface: types A and B wich confer resistance to insects. Preliminary results indicated that the presence of glandular trichomes also confers resistance to Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight. In this paper we report the evaluation of trichome characteristics (density and exudate activities) performed on 8 lines of potato, including the control varieties Desirée and Tropicana, 5 hybrid lines derived from intercrosses and backcrosses between S. tuberosum and S. berthaultii and one accession of S. berthaultii. Whole plants of the 8 genotypes were inoculated with a spore suspension of Phytophthora infestans in order to evaluate their resistance to late blight. The resultant disease incidence correlated negatively with type A trichome density and with polyphenol-oxidase (PPO) activity of type A trichome glands. The removal of type B trichomes exudate by leaf dipping in ethanol did not influence the disease development after artificial inoculation of detached leaves. Type B trichome exudate was extracted and the fraction corresponding to Fatty Acids Sucrose Esters (FASE) was recovered after Thin Layer Chromatography and tested on the fungal mycelium in vitro. The FASE exhibited a slight inhibitory effect on mycelium growth. The results of the experiments are discussed, and several hypotheses regarding the possible role of types A and B trichomes are formulated. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

引起糖甜菜细菌性叶斑病的萎蔫短小杆菌新致病变种

 1995年在内蒙古临河市新发现了糖甜菜细菌性叶斑病,从病斑所分离的10个细菌菌株经柯赫氏法则验证,均确系该病的病原菌。采用形态观察、表型特征和生理生化特性测定、数值分析、血清学反应、细胞化学成分分析、DNA G+C mol%和DNA-DNA同源性测定进行了鉴定,并与植物病原棒形细菌15个标准菌株进行了比较。该病原菌为革兰氏阳性细菌,不规则短杆状,有一根鞭毛、亚极生或侧生,结合其生理生化特性、细胞化学成分和DNA G+C mol%和DNA-DNA同源性测定结果,认为应属于短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)的萎蔫短小杆菌(Cur. flaccumfaciens),数值分析也支持这一结论。此外,据血清学反应结果及其对短小杆菌属的其它植物寄主的致病情况,认为该病原菌应是萎蔫短小杆菌种下的一个新的致病变种,定名为Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. beticola pv. nov. Chen et al.,2000(萎蔫短小杆菌糖甜菜致病变种)。     

核桃细菌性黑斑病杀菌剂筛选及药效研究

本文以黄单胞杆菌Xanthomonas campestris pv.juglandis(Pierce Dowson)为供试菌株,选用不同浓度的13种杀菌剂进行室内毒力测定。结果表明:有10种药剂对该菌有一定的抑制效果,但只有5种杀菌剂能够产生明显的抑菌圈。其中,四霉素和链霉素的抑菌效果最强,最低抑菌浓度为0.165、3μg/mL,抑菌率为74.76%、69.23%,EC_(50)为12.764、35.318μg/mL。其他依次为乙蒜素、中生菌素和春雷霉素。选用这5种杀菌剂进行盆栽防治试验,四霉素和链霉素的平均防效达74.60%、71.69%,乙蒜素和中生菌素防效分别为65.98%、58.40%,春雷霉素防效最低为39.38%。其结果与室内基本一致。室内试验及盆栽试验结果表明四霉素、链霉素、乙蒜素、中生菌素和春雷霉素可作为防治核桃黑斑病的杀菌剂,其中四霉素为首选杀菌剂。     

中国马铃薯晚疫病监测预警系统的研制

将植保知识、Web应用技术、人工智能、地理信息系统(GIS)、决策支持系统(DSS)等有机结合起来,构建了中国马铃薯晚疫病监测预警系统(China-blight),实现了对中国范围内的马铃薯晚疫病进行监测、预测、预警并提供化学防治决策的功能,该系统能够实时接收用户提交的疫情信息并通过多级Web地图直观显示出来,使用户能及时掌握疫病发生程度、动态及地域分布,为薯农及时预防马铃薯晚疫病提供了信息。     

苗期及灌浆期抗Bipolaris sorokiniana叶枯病小麦品种（系）鉴定及相关性分析

叶枯病对小麦生产危害严重,麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌（Bipolaris sorokiniana）是小麦叶枯病的主要致病菌。为筛选抗B. sorokiniana叶枯病小麦种质,采用“孢子液喷洒、套袋（罩）保湿”接菌鉴定的方法,于2019-2020年对130个小麦品种（系）进行苗期及灌浆期叶枯病抗性鉴定,同时分析了小麦苗期与灌浆期对B. sorokiniana叶枯病抗性的相关性。结果表明,130个小麦品种（系）中,苗期抗病材料占32.3%,其中高抗与中抗材料分别为1.5%与30.8%,无免疫材料;感病材料占67.7%,其中中感与高感材料分别为20.8%与46.9%;灌浆期抗、感叶枯病材料分别占11.5%与88.5%,无高抗材料;小麦苗期与灌浆期对B. sorokiniana叶枯病抗性呈显著正相关关系（r = 0.72）。此结果为抗B. sorokiniana叶枯病的遗传育种与抗病机理研究提供了优异的种质资源;基于苗期抗性与灌浆期抗性的显著相关性,可以通过室内快速准确的苗期叶枯病抗性鉴定预测大田条件下小麦灌浆期的抗性,节省时间,减轻大田鉴定繁重的工作量,并降低环境因素对鉴定结果的影响。     

Large subclonal variation in Phytophthora infestans populations associated with Ecuadorian potato landraces

The population of Phytophthora infestans on potato landraces in three provinces (Carchi, Chimborazo and Loja) of Ecuador was analysed. All isolates (n = 66) were of the A1 mating type. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) were used to assess the genetic diversity of the isolates. The P. infestans isolates from the potato landraces grouped in a single clade together with reference isolates belonging to the clonal lineage EC‐1. In the 66 SSR profiles obtained, 31 multilocus genotypes were identified. The 66 isolates constituted 49 different races according to the Solanum demissum differential set ( R1 to R11). The P. infestans population was complex and virulent on 4 to 11 R genes. Analysis showed that the subclonal variation in the Ecuadorian EC‐1 clone is increasing over time and is much larger than clonal variation in lineages in the Netherlands and Nicaragua, suggesting high mutation rates and little or no selection in Ecuador.