Taxonomic and Bioactivity Characterizations of Mameliella alba Strain LZ-28 Isolated from Highly Toxic Marine Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella LZT09

Microalgae host varied microbial consortium harboring cross-kingdom interactions with fundamental ecological significance in aquatic ecosystems. Revealing the complex biofunctions of the cultivable bacteria of phycosphere microbiota is one vital basis for deeply understanding the mechanisms governing these dynamic associations. In this study, a new light-yellow pigmented bacterial strain LZ-28 was isolated from the highly-toxic and harmful algal bloom-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella LZT09. Collective phenotypic and genotypic profiles were obtained to confidently identify this strain as a new Mameliella alba member. Comparative genomic analysis showed that strain LZ-28 shared highly similar functional features with other four marine algae-derived M. alba strains in spite of their distinctive isolation sources. Based on the bioactivity assaying, the mutual growth-promoting effects between bacterial strain LZ-28 and algal strain LZT09 were observed. After the culture conditions were optimized, strain LZ-28 demonstrated an extraordinary production ability for its bioflocculanting exopolysaccharides (EPS). Moreover, the portions of two monosaccharides glucose and fucose of the EPS were found to positively contribute to the bioflocculanting capacity. Therefore, the present study sheds light on the similar genomic features among the selected M. alba strains, and it also reveals the potential pharmaceutical, environmental and biotechnological implications of active EPS produced by this new Mameliella alba strain LZ-28 recovered from toxic bloom-forming marine dinoflagellate.     

28%多·井悬浮剂防治水稻纹枯病田间药效评价

为明确28%多.井悬浮剂对水稻纹枯病的防治效果,进行田间药效试验。结果表明：28%多.井悬浮剂对水稻纹枯病有显著的防治效果,按500g/hm^2用量,第三次药后14d对纹枯病的防效为86.13%,与常用药剂5%井冈霉素水剂3.75L/hm^2的防效相当,而且对水稻安全,值得推广应用。     

玉米小斑病抗性种质鉴定及生理生化分析

以200份玉米优良自交系为材料,2022-2023年夏分别进行小斑病菌的田间接种,综合两年数据共鉴定出高抗小斑病的玉米自交系3份,分别为K22、CML50和齐319;筛选到包括Mo17在内的抗性玉米自交系24份。选取K22和B73两个具有不同抗性水平的玉米自交系进行小斑病菌的室内接种。结果表明,48 h和72 h时,自交系K22叶片的病斑数、病斑面积和病斑面积比等各项指标均显著优于自交系B73,进一步验证田间鉴定的准确性。48 h或72 h时,高抗小斑病自交系K22与感病对照B73相比,5种防御酶活性增加14.32%～70.45%。     

不同遗传背景籼稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21、Xa23品系的抗性评价

以含有水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21和Xa23的材料为供体,以课题组选育不含Xa21或Xa23基因的材料为受体,通过杂交、复交等方法,并采用分子标记辅助选择（molecular marker-assisted selection,MAS）世代选择,将含有Xa21和Xa23基因的材料、含与不含Xa21或Xa23基因的姊妹系接种7种广泛使用的白叶枯病菌种生理小种,分析了这些材料白叶枯病的抗性。研究表明含有抗性基因Xa21的水稻材料抗性累计（HR、R、MR）所占比例依次为菌株HNA1-4、PXO86（84.62%）>YN24（82.14%）>GD1358（73.08）>PXO99（67.86%）>GDA2（63.33%）>FuJ（6.67%）,表明含Xa21基因材料对菌株FuJ所诱发的白叶枯病基本无抗病能力,但对于其他菌株,仍有36.67%~15.38%的材料易感病;含Xa23基因的材料在所有诱发菌株中抗性累计（HR、R、MR）均在76%以上,仍有23.02%~15.52%的材料对7种诱发菌株没有抗性。通过对菌斑长度变异系数大小的分析,表明含有Xa21或Xa23基因的材料对不同菌株抗病能力或对同一菌株的抗病能力不同材料有较大的变化。通过对诱发白叶枯病菌株间菌斑长度的相关性分析,表明含有Xa21的材料菌株GDA2或HNA1-4与对应的其他6菌株之间达到了显著或极显著正相关,含有Xa23基因的材料菌株YN24、GD1358、PXO86与对应的其他6种菌株间呈极显著正相关,含此2类基因材料抗性鉴定选取对应菌系可以提高选育效率。通过对姊妹系的分析表明,Xa21或Xa23基因的白叶枯病抗性与选育材料的背景有关。相关性分析表明,Xa21基因的材料抗性与亲本材料呈极显著正相关（R=0.5725^**）,Xa23基因材料抗性与亲本材料呈显著正相关（R=0.2212^*）。     

不同药剂对水稻细菌性条斑病的防治效果评价

为有效控制水稻细菌性条斑病病害,科学合理选用防治正安县地区水稻菌性条斑病的杀菌剂,本研究以当地主要栽培水稻品种“宜香优2115”为试验材料,测定了60%唑醚·代森联、6%春雷霉素、20%吡唑醚菌酯、40%稻瘟灵对水稻菌性条斑病防治效果及生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明:不同药剂防治下水稻细菌性条斑病病情指数和防治效果间存在差异性显著(p＜0.05),20%吡唑醚菌酯对水稻细菌性条斑病的病情指数最低和防治效果最优;较喷施清水对照处理相比,60%唑醚·代森联、6%春雷霉素、20%吡唑醚菌酯和40%稻瘟灵施用时水稻叶面积指数和干物质积累量增幅分别为10.29%、13.48%、15.17%、12.92%和15.15%、16.77%、18.92%、17.31%;20%吡唑醚菌酯施用时的水稻穗粒数和产量最高,分别为61.76穗/粒和627.75kg/亩。本研究可为遵义市正安县地区水稻生产中细菌性条斑病的防治提供理论依据和数据支撑     

几种药剂防治烟草青枯病田间药效试验

7种药剂防治烟草青枯病进行了田间药效试验,结果表明,7种药荆均能推迟青枯病的发病高峰期,减轻发病程度,其中荧光假单胞菌3 000亿个/克粉剂和农用链霉素的防效最好,药效稳定,持续时间长,对烟草青枯病的防治效果分别达到74.92%、74.48%.此外,罗建新菌肥和活性菌肥对烟草青枯病也具有较好的防治效果,防效分别为66.27%和69.39%.     

Repression of deoxynivalenol accumulation and expression of Tri genes in Fusarium culmorum by fungicides in vitro

A defined medium was developed in which to monitor deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation, fungal growth and expression of genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis (designated Tri genes). In liquid culture, DON accumulated shortly after maximum expression of Tri6 and coincident with expression of Tri5. This was generally 96 h after inoculation. The effects of sublethal concentrations of the fungicides azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl and tebuconazole on biosynthesis of the trichothecene DON by Fusarium culmorum were studied using this medium. The strobilurin fungicides trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin significantly reduced the accumulation of DON in culture medium at a range of concentrations. Kresoxim-methyl, also a strobilurin, and tebuconazole, a triazole, did not significantly reduce the accumulation of DON, although levels were lower than those in nonamended cultures. Trifloxystrobin significantly reduced the accumulation of DON when added to cultures before initiation of trichothecene biosynthesis. RT-PCR assays of the expression of Tri6 and Tri5 genes indicated that trifloxystrobin acted by inhibiting the initiation of trichothecene biosynthesis.     

用免疫分离法检测稻种上的白叶枯病菌

 免疫分离法是一种新型的、高度灵敏和准确的种菌带菌检验法,它结合了利用专化性抗血清的选择法吸附作用和活细菌可形成菌落的两方面的优点,从种苗材料中分离到目标细菌,用纯菌测试它的回收率为50~70%,最低检出率为50~100个菌/ml,人工喷接种和病田收获的病种带菌率达87%,平均每粒自然病种上的细菌数在100个左右。免疫分离所得菌落经致病性测定,大多数为白叶枯菌。     

2012年玉米大斑病重发原因和控制对策

玉米大斑病是由真菌引起的世界性玉米病害,常给生产造成严重损失。2012年玉米大斑病在东北、华北地区大流行,本文归纳了玉米大斑病全国发生概况、区域分布和各地病情。总结了2012年玉米大斑病发病时间早,流行速度快,品种间和地区间发病程度差异大等发生特点,分析了适宜天气条件、主栽品种不抗病、栽培管理措施不合理是导致大斑病重发的主要原因。并针对性地提出了重视玉米病害的预测预报、推荐种植抗病品种、加强病害综合防治的对策建议,旨在对今后进一步做好玉米大斑病测报工作,指导玉米病害防治、有效控制其危害、保障玉米生产有所裨益。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌YU-1对水稻纹枯病的防治作用

本文旨在筛选对水稻纹枯病有生防作用的菌株,并初步探索其生防作用机理。收集水稻、甘蓝、黄瓜等不同植物根际土壤,采用稀释分离和对峙培养法筛选对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani Kühn有抑菌作用的菌株;通过离体接种防效、盆栽防效、抑菌谱、对水稻纹枯病菌菌核萌发及形成的抑制作用等方面评价其生防潜力,并对生防菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,从采集的37份根际土壤中共分离获得细菌297株,其中4株对纹枯病菌具有较好的拮抗作用,菌株YU-1对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长的抑制率达89.8%;对西瓜枯萎病菌、草莓灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、油菜菌核病菌、小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制率均在85%以上;对水稻纹枯病的离体和盆栽防效分别为73.1%和66.3%;对水稻纹枯病菌菌核萌发的抑菌率在92%以上;经生理生化和分子鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。由此可看出,菌株YU-1对水稻纹枯病的防治具有较强的应用价值,具有进一步开发成生物农药的潜力。