不同湍流模型在轴流泵叶顶泄漏涡模拟中的应用与验证

为寻求一种经济、适合的湍流模型模拟轴流泵叶顶泄漏涡的结构和运动特性,该文基于ANSYS CFX软件平台,优化了六面体网格拓扑结构,比较了标准k-ε湍流模型（standard k-ε）、重正化群k-ε湍流模型（renormalization group k-ε,RNG）,标准k-ω湍流模型（standard k-ω）和SST k-ω湍流模型（shear stress transport）等4种湍流模型在轴流泵叶顶泄漏涡模拟中的计算精度和叶顶泄漏涡流场特征。数值模拟和试验结果表明,在最优工况下,SST k-ω湍流模型预测外特性曲线与试验曲线吻合较好,扬程误差为4.688%,较其他3种湍流模型准确;4种湍流模型计算的叶顶泄漏涡流线、叶顶区压力场和轴面速度场分布规律相似,但RNG k-ε和SST k-ω湍流模型计算的涡卷吸较强,涡带的旋涡强度相对较大。基于旋涡强度提出了一种对叶顶泄漏涡的涡心进行识别的方法,并与高速摄影拍摄的涡带结果进行了对比,在设计流量工况和大流量工况下,发现SST k-ω湍流模型计算的叶顶泄漏涡运动轨迹与试验结果吻合度较好,验证了SST k-ω湍流模型在轴流泵叶顶泄漏涡模拟具有较好的适用性。     

The Science of Forestry

ABSTRACT

Forestry is a large field with a long history and extensive contents consisting of practical recommendations arrived at by trial and error. In contrast, the science of forestry is a new development relying on reasoning to produce the optimal system of forest management aimed at satisfying human needs and preserving nature at the same time (though not at the same place). The presented overview of this science consists of two parts. The first one develops a theory of tree growth and stand dynamics. The second part applies this theory to optimize forest management and suggest practical recommendations.

What unites these two parts is a general method of inquiry. It starts with defining one problem, designs two opposing explanations, and then fuses them into a single solution. Hence, the name: the 1–2–1 method. Unlike material variables of process-based models, the explanations employed by the method are abstractions that outline the boundaries embracing all possible solutions. Each explanation in its turn may be subdivided into two opposites until a solution is reached by bringing the opposites together. The 1–2–1 method accounts for any number of variables by arranging them hierarchically into paired groups.

Why exactly two explanations? Because each complex problem has two opposite sides, waiting to be uncovered. We may never know how many factors determine tree growth, yet there is one thing as certain as any mathematical proposition: All these factors are of two kinds—those that facilitate growth and those that restrain it. A factor that does neither is not really a factor. The basic positive process of tree growth is uninhibited cell division. Negative processes include, among others, aging and impediments associated with increasing tree size. When these and several other processes are expressed analytically, we get a meaningful and accurate model of tree growth comprising three pairs of opposites arranged in two levels. The model generalizes empirical equations developed in forestry and exposes biological mechanisms that justify the structure of the equations and explain their success.

The resulting growth model describes density-independent growth. The complementary process of competition has inter- and intraspecific components. It is shown that to maximize forest productivity interspecific competition has to be minimized while the intraspecific kind optimized. Uniting the growth model with that describing the effect of intraspecific competition produces the growth-density model that solves many questions of forest management. In particular, the model helps to reconcile two main goals of management: (a) maximizing the financial returns from wood products, and (b) preserving forests with all their biodiversity and invaluable ecosystem services. Still, the thrust of this review is not another growth model or management system. The main point is an attempt to make forestry a science by consistent reasoning from first principles such as discreteness of plant biomass, the inverse relationship between average size and number of trees, and the conflict between the biotic potential and environmental resistance.     

交替方向隐式欧拉方法在偏积分微分方程中的应用

用交替方向隐式欧拉方法研究二维带有弱奇异核的偏积分微分方程的数值解,在空间方向上采用二阶差商,时间方向上使用向后欧拉方法,积分项用一阶卷积求积逼近,该方法具备了交替方向存储量少,计算量低的特点．     

偏心圆盘指夹式幼苗移栽机栽植机构运动轨迹分析

通过分析2ZY–1型偏心圆盘指夹式幼苗移栽机栽植机构的运动规律,设计了Visual Basic程序分析栽植轨迹,结合VB中对轨迹参数的输入、输出数据,得出适合移栽的较理想栽植机构相关参数范围,通过对烟草幼苗的栽植试验分析,得出在吊杯数为4个、转速为11.25 r/min、回转半径为0.360 m的情况下,特征参数λ取1.125时,有利于提高栽植质量和满足农艺要求。     

广西兴安地区褐飞虱发生动态及迁飞轨迹分析

为明确广西兴安地区单双季稻混作模式下褐飞虱发生规律,采用灯光诱捕和田间系统调查的方法研究了该地区早、中、晚稻田褐飞虱发生动态,并运用大气质点轨迹分析平台HYSPLIT 4.8对2011年褐飞虱迁飞高峰进行了迁飞轨迹分析。广西兴安地区褐飞虱种群数量随季节变化明显,年发生6代,迁飞活动主要集中在7月上旬至9月上旬。褐飞虱发生高峰期与单季中稻生长期吻合,在单季中稻田的发生量最大。2011年广西兴安褐飞虱5—6月迁入虫源主要来自海南稻区以及泰国、越南和老挝中部稻区;7—8月迁入虫源来自广西南部、东南部和广东西部稻区;回迁虫源来自湖南西南部和江西西部;10月从本地迁出的虫群主要迁向广西中部和贵州南部。研究表明,偏南方向的低空急流为褐飞虱的大规模迁入提供了运载气流,降雨是迫使稻飞虱降落的主要原因。     

草地贪夜蛾迁飞气象预报方法探索及应用

为了准确预报害虫的迁飞轨迹，将天气预报技术应用于迁飞性害虫的预测预报，基于天气预报平台，利用欧洲中心中短期气象数值预报产品以及大气环流形势及低层风动力对草地贪夜蛾（Spodoptera frugiperda）的迁飞路径、迁入时间（包括首见日及高峰日）、落区等进行预报，并基于2021年草地贪夜蛾迁飞的2次典型预报案，分析2021年草地贪夜蛾春季北迁至湖北（首见日）以及秋季南迁回湖北（高峰日）的典型天气过程以及迁飞层气象要素场，运用HYSPLIT轨迹模型模拟迁飞后向轨迹，再利用草地贪夜蛾田间监测数据、测报灯监测数据以及迁飞轨迹对预报结论进行验证。结果显示，2次典型预报案例的预报结论与草地贪夜蛾田间监测数据及测报灯监测数据以及轨迹模拟的情景吻合度较好，草地贪夜蛾迁入时间、落区及路径预报基本正确。研究表明，将天气预报技术应用于迁飞性害虫的预报具有实际可行性。     

1986－2016年黄河三角洲地表水体变化及其驱动力分析

地表水体在黄河三角洲形成、生态系统演化及社会经济发展中发挥着极为重要的作用。该文以黄河三角洲地表水体为研究对象,采用轨迹分析法和Logistic回归模型,分析研究区30 a内地表水体演化特征及驱动机制。结果表明：1）1986-2016年间黄河三角洲地表水体面积增加1 161.53 km2,其中河流呈减少状态,面积减少33.49 km2。水库、坑塘和盐田养殖池分别增长84.88、63.82、1 046.33 km2,呈增加趋势。未利用地向盐田养殖池转换是面积变化最大的类型。2）Logistic 回归发现,地理区位因素是影响水库演化主要因素,距海岸线距离和乡镇距离是水库转入的主导驱动因子,距乡镇距离是水库转出主导驱动力。盐田养殖池的演化受到社会经济因素和区位因素综合影响。水产产量、人口密度差、距市中心距离、距黄河距离和国民生产总值是盐田养殖池转入的主要驱动力。距市中心距离成为盐田养殖池转出的主导因子。坑塘的转化受到区位因素和社会经济因素影响,距乡镇距离、人口密度差、距海岸线距离为主要驱动因子。     

城市园林自动修剪机器人动力学仿真研究

园林修剪的意义在于提升整体城市绿化与规划水平。为此,在深入理解城市园林自动修剪机器人的整体结构与工作原理的基础上,结合机构部件的运动学规律,得出修剪机器人的动力学理论模型,并根据修剪机器人各关节的工作空间,通过驱动函数与下位机程序控制,开关量输出至修剪机器人各运动执行部件开展修剪仿真作业试验。结果表明:利用机构的运动定位与补偿功能,可实现修剪机器人各关节作业定位的准确性,定位误差控制在6%左右;不同轨迹跟踪,多次目标函数优化,便于掌握各关节臂的运动角度与作业过程中的扭矩变化情况,了解自动修剪机器人实际运动轨迹及各主要执行关节扭矩与剪切力,可为相似修剪机器人的开发与改进提供一定思路。     

振动深松机的改进设计与试验研究

针对1SZ-460型振动深松机样机田间试验中出现的振动发生机构轴承应力过大易破坏,振动机构横梁弯矩大易变形等问题,对该振动深松机关键部件进行研究改进,设计新型振动深松机以满足生产需求。通过分析原样机振动发生机构及执行机构的运动过程,设计简支偏心轴式振动发生机构,优化执行部件和机架;通过分析不同形状深松铲松土效果和土壤耕作阻力,改进了深松铲柄;增加了施肥系统,以此减少机器进地次数及对土壤的压实,提高作物产量。田间试验结果表明：新型振动深松机较不振动深松,降低牵引阻力7%～17%,提高工作效率11.1%～16.2%。该新型振动深松机适于玉米等作物的苗前及苗期深松施肥作业。