Are the Australian poultry industries vulnerable to large outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza?

Objective   To describe the structure of the Australian poultry industry and discuss the potential for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) to spread between Australian poultry farms.
Procedure   High densities of poultry farms, frequent contacts between farms by service providers, the supply of live poultry markets (LPM) and the presence of free-range duck flocks in affected regions have been identified as risk factors for the spread of HPAI between flocks in outbreaks causing the death or destruction of over 1 million poultry overseas. Data on 1,594 commercial Australian chicken meat, chicken egg, duck and turkey farms were collected by a telephone questionnaire of farm managers to assess the risk of a HPAI outbreak in Australia.
Results and Discussion   Five regions of Australia had farm densities comparable to overseas regions that experienced widespread HPAI. Common service providers routinely contacted different classes and types of farms over wide geographic areas. However, no responding farms supplied LPM and the majority of duck farms did not produce free-range ducks.
Conclusion   Outbreaks of HPAI have the potential to cause serious impacts on the Australian poultry industry. The risk posted by LPM and free-range ducks is limited, but the movement of genetic stock and common service providers could spread infection between companies, industries or geographical regions. Biosecurity measures are therefore considered critical to limit the secondary spread of infection should an outbreak occur.     

检测H9亚型AIV的压电免疫传感器研究(英文)

[目的]研制检测H9亚型禽流感病毒的压电免疫传感器。[方法]用巯基丙酸在镀银电极石英晶体自组装巯基丙酸单分子膜再通过N-乙基-N'-(3-二甲氨基)丙基碳化二亚胺盐酸(EDC)和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)偶联抗H9亚型禽流感病毒的特异性单抗构建传感器芯片,建立可以检测H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的免疫传感器。[结果]该方法具有较好的特异性,不与H5亚型流感病毒和新城疫病毒(NDV)反应,检测灵敏度达到20～100个EID50。[结论]该结果为检测禽流感病毒免疫传感器的进一步深入研究奠定了基础,这为其他相关病毒的监测提供了一种新途径。     

肉鸡及其鸡胚中CAV和ALV的PCR检测

应用PCR技术对山东省3个中小型AA肉种鸡场的鸡胚、1日龄雏鸡和子代肉鸡CAV和ALV的感染情况进行了检测。用相同的方法直接采集样品的不同组织提取2种病毒DNA,进行PCR扩增及PCR产物的克隆和序列测定。结果表明:被检的3个肉种鸡场均有这2种病毒的感染,其中CAV的阳性率24.22%,ALV的阳性率17.56%,二者共感染的阳性率8.89%。感染鸡各组织中病毒含量也有差异,CAV以脾脏最多,ALV以肾脏最多。对肝脏进行细菌分离培养,并对40日龄商品肉鸡进行ND血凝抑制(HI)抗体效价检测,发现大肠杆菌等细菌感染阳性率较高,ND-HI抗体效价显著偏低。说明该地区肉种鸡场和商品鸡场均存在严重的CAV和ALV感染以及与细菌性疾病的共感染,并导致鸡只的机体免疫力下降。     

Cytochemical properties of chicken blood cells resembling both thrombocytes and lymphocytes

Generally accepted criteria were used to identify typical nucleated thrombocytes and typical small lymphocytes in chicken-blood smears subjected to modified-Wright staining. Other cells, here referred to as "intermediate cells," were difficult to classify because in some aspects they resembled thrombocytes while they also had features typical of small lymphocytes. The "intermediate cells" had small, round or oval nuclei with coarsely condensed chromatin, characteristic of both thrombocytes and small lymphocytes. In addition, "intermediate cells" had moderately abundant cytoplasmic volumes, typical of thrombocytes but blue cytoplasm lacking both granules and vacuoles, which is characteristic of small lymphocytes. It made little difference to the thrombocyte count whether these cells were classified as thrombocytes or small lymphocytes; however, this decision made a substantial difference to the lymphocyte count in some chicken-blood smears. Most "intermediate cells" (351 of 410 cells examined) were nonfluorescent after treatment with formaldehyde gas. Furthermore, most "intermediate cells" failed to acquire characteristic pigments when subjected to either Grimelius staining (179 of 204 cells examined) or periodic acid-Schiff staining (173 of 206 cells examined). Typical small lymphocytes reacted in the same way, failing to fluoresce after gaseous formaldehyde treatment (65 of 65 cells examined) and failing to react during Grimelius staining (41 of 44 cells examined) or periodic acid-Schiff staining (21 of 21 cells examined). In contrast, almost all typical thrombocytes became fluorescent in response to gaseous formaldehyde (709 of 718 cells examined) and gave positive reactions when subjected to Grimelius staining (381 of 382 cells examined) or periodic acid-Schiff staining (322 of 326 cells examined). These findings suggested that "intermediate cells" should be classified as lymphocytes in differential cell counts.     

鸡源大肠杆菌1型菌毛结构基因(pilA)克隆

根据人源大肠杆菌１型菌毛结构基因ＤＮＡ序列,在其保守区设计了１对带有ＢａｍＨ Ｉ／ＨｉｎｄⅢ酶切位点的引物,经ＰＣＲ扩增,从２４株鸡源大肠杆菌致病株染色体中得到２１个大小约６５７ｂｐ的阳性产物,经酶切、连接、转化及筛选,得到３种来自不同自清型鸡源大肠杆菌ＰＣＲ产物的阳性克隆。经核酸序列测定,确认所克隆的外源基因为１型菌毛ｐｉｌＡ基因。     

SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量RT—PCR检测禽呼肠孤病毒δC和δNS基因方法的建立

为建立一种定量检测禽呼肠孤病毒δC和8NS基因的SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,针对δC、δNS基因分别设计了1对特异性引物,同时选择了1对内参基因B—actin引物,将常规PCR扩增的片段分别连接到pMD18－T载体上构建重组质粒,经筛选、鉴定纯化后,梯度倍比稀释作为标准品,用于构建SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测δC、δNS基因及内参基因β—actin的标准曲线。结果表明,建立的标准曲线具有良好的线性关系,R^2均在0．99以上;最小检出量为10拷贝／μL的阳性标准品,且具有良好的重复性,能够校正抽提样品中细胞数量不均带来的差异。可见,SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法能满足检测微量样品中禽呼肠孤病毒δC和δNS基因表达的要求,具有快速、敏感性高、重复性好等特点。     

我国部分地区蛋鸡ALV-J分离株gp85基因遗传进化分析

为了解我国蛋鸡J亚型白血病病毒(ALV-J)株来源及其遗传进化关系,本研究对2009年从我国6个省区蛋鸡场分离到的19株ALV-J的gp85基因进行克隆和测序,并与11个ALV-J参考株gp85基因作了比较分析.结果表明:19个ALV-J分离株的gp85基因长度为894bp～924 bp不等,分别编码298～308个氨基酸;各病毒株间gp85推导氨基酸的同源性为71.3%～100%.遗传进化分析表明,目前我国蛋鸡ALV-J分离株来源复杂,其中13个分离株与英国原型株HPRS-103、国内麻黄肉鸡株SCAU-0901亲缘关系较近;3个分离株与美国株ADOL-7501及国内白羽肉鸡株HN0001处在同一大的分支;而另外3个分离株则各自形成独立的分支,表明其gp85基因发生了较大变异.本研究表明,19个分离株与国内早期肉鸡分离株亲缘关系较远,提示我国当前蛋鸡ALV-J株可能并非源自国内早期肉鸡ALV-J株,其来源有待进一步研究.     

抗A型禽流感病毒核蛋白特异性单克隆抗体研究

利用禽流感H9亚型病毒(AIV-H9)免疫Balb/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,经免疫荧光试验(IFA)检测,以研制抗禽流感病毒(AIV)单克隆抗体。结果获得了5株特异性抗AIV核蛋白(NP)的单克隆抗体细胞株,分别命名为AIV-NP-2C3、AIV-NP-6A5、AIV-NP-3H9、AIV-NP-7B4、AIV-NP-2H4。这5株单克隆抗体能与所有试验的AIV-H9病毒反应,Western blotting方法鉴定结果表明,单克隆抗体仅识别60 ku的蛋白抗原,而不与新城疫病毒、禽网状内皮组织增殖症病毒、传染性法氏囊病毒等反应。初步应用结果显示,以这些单克隆抗体建立的间接免疫荧光试验或ELISA方法可迅速检测出禽流感病毒,这些单克隆抗体在禽流感的预防监测中将发挥重要的作用。     

2011年中国北方H9N2亚型禽流感病毒分离株HA基因进化分析及受体结合性检测

为了解近期中国北方禽源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)流行规律及分子遗传进化特征,本实验对2011年在中国北方家禽中分离到的11株H9N2亚型AIV通过RT-PCR扩增病毒的HA基因片段,进行测序及遗传进化分析,并对这些病毒的受体结合性进行了检测.结果表明:11株H9N2亚型AIV分离株的HA基因在HA1和HA2的氨基酸裂解位点均为PSRSSR/GLF基序,符合低致病性病毒株氨基酸序列特征.多数病毒HA潜在糖基化位点为8个,所有分离株病毒的受体结合位点226位均为L,经红细胞受体结合性试验验证表明这些病毒均同时具有α-2,3和α-2,6受体结合特性,表明目前北方地区流行的H9N2亚型AIV具有感染哺乳动物的潜在威胁.本研究结果对加强H9N2病毒的分子流行病学监测具有重要意义.     

禽胰多肽粗品对肉鸡生长及血液生长激素、甲状腺激素水平的影响

1日龄粤黄鸡128只 ,随机分为4组 ,在饲喂相同日粮的条件下 ,Ⅰ组饲饮自来水为对照组 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组饲饮禽胰多肽(APP)粗品溶液 ,剂量分别为0.58、1.16和2.32mg/只 d。试验期84d。结果表明 :(1)84日龄时 ,各试验组鸡只平均体重均高于对照组 ,其中Ⅱ组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);(2)70日龄时 ,各试验组血浆GH水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05) ;(3)56日龄时 ,Ⅱ组血浆T4 浓度、Ⅲ组T3 浓度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。提示APP粗品可促进肉鸡生长 ,提高血液中GH、T4 和T3 的含量。