松嫩平原黑土区施肥与土壤速效钾累积关系的研究

为研究在固定施肥模式下速效钾的累积量的变化,采用回归旋转组合设计实施试验,建立了松嫩平原黑土区土壤速效钾与农肥,化肥和秸秆为实验因子的数学模型,结果表明,要使每667m2速效钾保持在适宜的230～270mg/kg水平上,应在5年中施用农肥832～1121kg,化肥34～947.8kg,秸杆93～122kg。     

Screening and identification of soybean varieties with high phosphorus efficiency at seedling stage

In order to simplify the workload and find a reliable method for screening soybeans with different phosphorus(P)efficiencies,47 soybean varieties were screened from 90 varieties according to yield under normal phosphorus,and 10 indicators including root phenotype,phosphorus utilization efficiency at the seedling stage and yield were measured.Through single-index cluster analysis,the performance value and relative value of the abovementioned indexes under low-phosphorus conditions were analyzed,and then,the combined indexes were analyzed by principal components method.The membership function method and the cluster analysis method was used to calculate and analyze the comprehensive score value.Three indexes of root P utilization efficiency(X₁),relative value of root P utilization efficiency(X₂),and root volume(X₃)under low P at the seedling stage were selected as the most consistent with the yield screening results under low P condition,and the mathematical model of the comprehensive score value was obtained:D=1.218X₁t 0.320X₂t 0.007X₃-0.664(P=0.000,R²=1.000).The comprehensive score can screen and identify the P efficiency of soybeans with fewer indexes in the early growth stages,which provides a more rapid and reliable mathematical model for screening and identifying a larger number of germplasm resources for P efficiency.     

施磷对紫花苜蓿光合作用及抗蓟马的影响

为了明确施磷对苜蓿抗蓟马的影响及其相关的光合机制,本试验以西北广泛种植的感蓟马苜蓿品种‘甘农3号’和抗蓟马苜蓿品种‘甘农9号’为材料,在大田蓟马为害高峰期,调查评价了不同施磷水平下苜蓿的受害指数、生长指标和蓟马虫口数量,测定了不同施磷水平下苜蓿的光合气体交换参数、可溶性糖含量。结果表明:施磷后,‘甘农3号’和‘甘农9号’苜蓿的受害指数均显著降低,株高和产量显著增加,蓟马虫口数量无显著变化;净光合速率(Pn)和水分利用率(WUE)显著升高,蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)显著降低;苜蓿心叶可溶性糖含量显著升高,但可溶性糖含量与蓟马虫口密度间无相关性,而与受害指数之间存在极显著的负相关关系。施磷有效地增强了苜蓿的光合作用,进而增强了苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性。在大田条件下,通过增施磷肥来控制苜蓿蓟马的危害是一种经济有效的绿色防控措施。     

CO2浓度升高和磷素亏缺对黑麦草气孔特征及气体交换参数的影响

为深入理解未来大气CO2浓度升高背景下草地生态系统结构与功能响应土壤磷亏缺的潜在机理,该研究利用可精准控制CO2浓度的大型人工气候室,探讨了正常CO2浓度400 μmol/mol、升高CO2浓度800 μmol/mol和磷素供应水平（0.004、0.012、0.02、0.06、0.1和0.5 mmol/L）对黑麦草气孔特征及其气体交换过程的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高使供磷水平0.1和0.5 mmol/L的气孔密度增加约35%（P=0.012）和25%（P<0.001）,但却减小气孔开度13%（P=0.002）和12%（P=0.005）,且导致供磷水平为0.06 mmol/L的黑麦草气孔分布更加规则。同时,CO2浓度升高还导致供磷水平0.1和0.5 mmol/L的净光合速率显著增加8.6%（P=0.002）和15.8%（P<0.001）,从而提高黑麦草的水分利用效率。另外,不同供磷水平明显改变了植株生物量及其分配,且高浓度CO2对较高磷水平时地上生长产生更强的施肥效应。研究结果将为深入理解草地生态系统对大气CO2浓度升高和土壤磷素亏缺的响应机理提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

磷对稻田甲烷排放的影响及其可能机制

目前关于磷对稻田甲烷排放的影响研究较少,为此,本文检索了已发表的磷对稻田甲烷排放的相关文章,并对文献数据进行了再挖掘分析,总结归纳了磷对甲烷产生和氧化的可能影响,并对未来需要进一步探究的问题进行了讨论。分析发现磷对稻田甲烷排放的调控主要受种植系统和其他施肥情况的影响,一季中稻下大都表现为磷肥施用降低甲烷排放,降幅受其他土壤养分情况影响而不同。磷通过影响水稻根系及其分泌物进而影响土壤碳的有效性,直接影响土壤磷的有效性,并改变土壤产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的丰度和群落组成来调控甲烷的产生及氧化过程,最终影响甲烷的排放。     

不同氮磷水平下不同土层中紫花苜蓿细根周转特征

为探讨不同氮磷配施条件下紫花苜蓿细根周转及不同土层分布动态特征,分析苜蓿细根周转各指标之间的关系。采用双因素随机区组设计进行田间试验,设置4个施磷水平[0(P₀)、50(P₁)、100(P₂)和150 kg·hm^-2(P₃)]和两个氮水平[0(N₀)和120 kg·hm^-2(N₁)],共计8个处理,通过微根管根系监测0～60 cm的土层细根周转特征。结果表明:在相同施氮条件下,随着施磷量的增加,紫花苜蓿细根总现存量、细根表面积密度、细根生产量和死亡量呈先增加后降低的趋势,在P₂条件下达到最大值,且P₁、P₂处理显著大于P₀处理(P<0.05),在相同施磷条件下,N₁处理显著大于N₀处理。在不同土层中,在相同施氮条件下,随着施磷量的增加,苜蓿细根现存量在0～30 cm土层中呈先增...     

氮磷钾配合施用对冬瓜产量和品质的影响

采用三因子五水平正交旋转组合设计,研究了氮、磷、钾与冬瓜产量和固形物含量的关系。结果显示,在本试验条件下,氮、磷、钾与冬瓜产量和固形物含量呈曲线相关,一定范围内施用能显著提高冬瓜产量和固形物含量,效应大小为氮>钾>磷;氮钾间存在显著的互作关系。最佳施肥量为667 m2施纯N 31~33 kg、P2O517~21 kg、K2O 29~32 kg。     

Nutrient requirement for zoospore formation in two alariaceous plants Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar and Alaria crassifolia Kjellman (Phaeophyceae: Laminariales)

ABSTRACT:   Sporophyll formation in two alariaceous plants, Undaria pinnatifida and Alaria crassifolia , was studied in relation to the nutrient requirements. The sporophylls of U. pinnatifida formed zoosporangia when they had N and P contents greater than 1.4 kgN/m³ and 0.74 kgP/m³. This indicates that these values are the critical nutrient levels for zoospore formation in U. pinnatifida . In the sporophytes of A. crassifolia , many sporophylls with zoosporangia showed nutrient contents higher than 6.25 kgN/m³ and 1.70 kgP/m³. These results suggest that the U. pinnatifida can form zoospores at lower levels of N and P contents than A. crassifolia . Both species often formed zoosporangial sori on the blades in the late period of each reproductive season. The fertile parts of the blade showed N and P contents higher than the critical levels. This phenomenon indicates that the blades have the capability to form zoosporangial sori if there is a sufficient accumulation of nutrients for zoospore formation. The zoospore formation on the blade seems to be accomplished by an overflow of excess nutrients from sporophylls into the blade, or by accumulating sufficient nutrients to form sori even if the sporophylls are not formed.     

南太湖近岸水域叶绿素a含量与氮磷浓度的关系

2007年6月-2008年4月对南太湖近岸水域进行了4次生态环境调查,在此基础上,对叶绿素a含量（Chl.a）与总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）浓度及氮磷比（N/P）的关系进行了统计分析。结果表明：南太湖水体中Chl.a含量与TN浓度的关系存在显著的季节差异,在蓝藻水华大范围爆发的2007年6月和2008年4月2者呈极显著的正相关,而2007年10月和2008年1月2者无显著性关系;Chl.a含量与TP浓度在4次调查中皆无显著相关关系;岭回归分析显示,N/P 10～25是南太湖水体中附着藻类的最佳生长范围,此时总氮、总磷浓度及氮磷比与Chl.a含量呈显著的正相关,4者的多元回归关系为Chl.a=-0.0012＋0.0064 TN＋0.0215 TP＋0.0005N/P（R=0.543,P〈0.023）。总体来说,南太湖水体中的总氮、总磷浓度及氮磷比皆在藻类生长的适宜范围内,氮磷浓度处于较高水平,已经不是藻类生长的限制因素,在不同水温、光照等环境因子的作用下,加上本水域复杂的水文和季风共同影响下形成了蓝藻水华爆发的季节性差异。     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of animal and plant feed ingredients for juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis

A study was conducted to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids (AAs) from Peruvian fish meal (PFM), native fish meal (NFM), meat bone meal (MBM), dried daphnia meal (DDM), soybean meal (SBM), full‐fat soybean (FSBM), cottonseed meals (CSM), rapeseed meal (RSM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) for Pseudobagrus ussuriensis (7.8 ± 0.06 g). Test diets were formulated to contain a 70:30 mixture of reference diet to test ingredient with chromic oxide (5 g kg^–1) serving as the inert marker. ADCs of DM ranged from 49.94% (CGM) to 87.11% (PFM), the highest ADCs of DM were observed in PFM and the lowest was found in CGM. ADCs of CP in the test ingredients ranged from 74.92% (CGM) to 93.41% (SBM). ADCs of crude lipid ranged from 51.80% (CGM) to 94.07% (PFM) for fish. ADCs of energy ranged from 56.42% (CGM) to 90.09% (PFM). ADCs of phosphorus ranged from 21.81% (CSM) to 65.70% (PFM). AA availability for the test ingredients followed a similar pattern to ADCs of CP, in which values for PFM, NFM and MBM were generally higher (p < .05) than those of other protein ingredients. Among all plant meals, the AA availability values in SBM were higher (p < .05) than those in CGM, CSM and RSM. The availability of most AAs in CGM was the lowest (p < .05) among all tested ingredients. In conclusion, PFM and NFM are good sources of available protein and AAs. When fishmeal supply is limited, MBM and DDM are substitutes for fishmeal reduction in P. ussuriensis diets; at the same time, SBM and FSBM are also very acceptable protein feedstuffs. However, CSM, RSM and CGM could not be used at high levels in P. ussuriensis diets because of their inferior digestibilities.