土壤类型对优先流路径和磷形态影响的定量评价

以中国贡嘎山由青灰色砂质冰水堆积物发育而成的疏松岩性土壤和德国厄尔士山渍水土壤优先流路径为研究对象,通过野外染色示踪试验和改进的Hedley磷形态提取法,使用优先流染色面积比和优先流程度评价指数定量评价不同类型土壤的优先流程度,通过相关关系分析进一步揭示不同土壤类型中优先流路径对磷形态分布的影响。结果表明:贡嘎山和厄尔士山优先流图片总染色面积比分别为31%和52%,厄尔士山渍水土优先流比贡嘎山疏松岩性土发育较好。贡嘎山疏松岩性土壤优先流发育程度与潜在生物可利用无机磷和有机磷贡献率显著正相关,而即时生物有效无机磷和磷灰石磷与厄尔士山渍水土壤优先流发育程度显著正相关。土壤类型影响优先流路径分布和土壤磷形态分布,从而影响土壤磷赋存状况和下游水质安全。     

电解与紫外协同去除工厂化养殖循环水中氨氮效果研究

为探究电化学氧化法在工厂化循环水养殖系统中处理水质的效果及影响因素,在前期试验得到最佳条件(温度25℃、电流密度40 A/m2、水流速度300 m L/min)下,以不同初始氨氮质量浓度和固体悬浮颗粒物的模拟养殖水以及实际养殖水为研究对象,探讨了加入低压紫外汞灯后电解与紫外协同去除氨氮的效果。结果表明:电解紫外协同处理氨氮效果明显优于单独电解法,运用本系统处理氨氮初始质量浓度分别为4、7、10 mg/L的模拟养殖水时,氨氮去除效率相对于单独电解时分别提高45.0%(p0.05)、36.0%(p0.05)和20.0%(p0.05);电解紫外协同去除氨氮效率受氨氮初始质量浓度、水体中的固体颗粒悬浮物、实际养殖水等因素影响,随着氨氮初始质量浓度及水体中固体悬浮颗粒物的升高,氨氮的去除效率降低,达到同种去除效率所需的时间延长,当处理固体悬浮颗粒(SS)分别为100、150、200 mg/L的模拟养殖水时,氨氮的去除效率随着SS的升高而降低,相对于仅含氨氮的模拟养殖水,氨氮的去除效率分别降低51.7%(p0.05)、65.5%(p0.05)和72.4%(p0.05);在处理实际养殖水时,氨氮的去除速率明显降低,去除完全所需的时间延长,在本系统中电解紫外对氨氮、亚硝氮、固体悬浮颗粒物的去除具有较好效果,去除率分别为97.8%、96.9%和92.1%。     

长期施肥对黄壤养分及不同形态无机磷的影响

以贵州黄壤长期定位试验为平台,研究不同施肥对黄壤区土壤养分及无机磷组分的影响。结果表明,长期施用化肥(NPK)、有机肥(M)及有机无机配施(NPKM)均可提高土壤表层有机质和速效养分的质量分数,尤其以M处理土壤含有机质、碱解氮及速效钾量变化最为显著,而NPKM处理土壤含速效磷的量最高。长期施肥均能增加黄壤中无机磷组分的累积,以NPKM处理效果最为显著,施肥主要增加了O-P、Al-P、Fe-P的量。不同形态的无机磷量表现为O-PFe-P、Al-PCa_(10)-PCa_2-PCa_8-P,其中Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P与速效磷显著正相关,相关系数在0.681**以上,通过回归方程分析,表明土壤无机磷库中Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Fe-P对黄壤速效磷的量的贡献最大。因此,从长远来看,有机无机配施可以提高黄壤养分及无机磷活性组分的量,维持并提高土壤供磷能力,更有利于黄壤区农业的可持续发展。     

土壤生物在土壤磷有效化中的作用

本文概述了磷被土壤组分固定的机制,详述了土壤微生物,根,菌根和蚯蚓在提高土壤磷植物有效性中起的作用。土壤生物对磷的活化作用主要机制为;通过产生质子和有机酸溶解不溶态无机磷,通过分泌磷酸酶水解有机磷,这种作用受土壤供磷与植物对磷需求间平衡的调控。     

Growth and phosphorus uptake of maize cultivated alone,in mixed culture with other crops or after incorporation of their residues

Intercropping or rotating of P‐efficient crop species which mobilize sparingly soluble P by their root exudates can have beneficial effects on growth and P uptake of P‐inefficient species. We aimed at studying the effect of intercropping or incorporating of crop residues of P‐efficient crops on the components of maize P‐uptake, i.e. the root‐system size and P influx (P‐uptake rate per unit root length). This was studied in 3 pot experiments in a low‐P sandy soil. In the first experiment, maize was intercropped with white lupine, sugar beet or oilseed rape, and with groundnut in the second experiment. In the third experiment, maize was grown after incorporating the crop residues of white lupine, sugar beet or oilseed rape. Maize growth and yield was strongly inhibited when intercropped with white lupine, sugar beet or oilseed rape, probably because of competition for nutrients. But with groundnut as the accompanying species, maize yield was increased by a factor of 3, mainly because of an enhanced P influx. Crop residues of oilseed rape and sugar beet increased the yield of maize by factors 2 and 1.6, respectively, because of a 3 and 2 times higher P uptake as compared to maize grown after maize without incorporation of crop residue. The reason for the higher maize P‐uptake after oilseed rape was an 11 times higher P influx as compared to maize without crop residues, and after sugar beet residues because of an enhanced root growth and a 4 times higher P influx. Lupine residues did not improve maize growth, mainly because of a low P influx, which was even less than that of maize grown without crop residues. The soil solution P concentration and calcium acetate lactate‐extractable P (CAL P) measured in this study did not reflect the P availability as indicated by the plants (P uptake, P influx). This indicates that other mechanisms such as P mobilization in the rhizosphere by root exudates or cell‐wall components were responsible for the increased P availability. These mechanisms need further investigation.     

土壤磷素流失的途径、环境影响及对策

土壤长期过量的P肥(包括化肥和有机肥)投入导致土壤P素水平的提高,从而加大了土壤P素流失的风险。大部分水体富营养化的限制因素是P,土壤P的流失是重要的非点源污染。本文对国内外有关土壤P管理的研究做一综述,内容包括土壤P对水体富营养化的贡献、土壤P的流失途径及影响因素、系列水体P和土壤P指数、土壤P流失控制对策(土地利用管理、立法、政策的改变)等。     

营养型土壤改良剂对酸性土壤中钾的调节及玉米吸钾量的影响

营养型土壤改良剂(以下简称改良剂)施入三种不同肥力水平的土壤进行恒温培养试验和盆栽试验,测定土壤有效钾的含量、盆栽试验玉米的生物量和钾吸收量。结果表明:对于有效钾含量高的土壤,改良剂能促进钾的缓效化,有利于土壤钾的保蓄,防止土壤钾的淋失;对于有效钾含量较低的土壤,改良剂可以活化土壤中的钾,提高土壤钾的有效性;不同肥力水平的土壤,改良剂都能促进玉米对钾的吸收,有利于提高钾肥的吸收利用效率。     

黑土区组合施肥技术对土壤氮磷的影响

定位试验研究有机肥、生物肥和化肥组合施肥技术对土壤N、P养分元素的影响结果表明,组合施肥较单施化肥土壤全N增加0.05g/kg,速效氮(除Ⅱ处理)增加6.6～44.6mg/kg,土壤全P增加0.15～0.29g/kg,速效磷增加15.68～51.07mg/kg。组合施肥较单施化肥土壤N素增量全N增加0.2～0.25g/kg,速效氮增加11.6～39.4 mg/kg,全P增加0.09～0.24g/kg,速效磷增加23.59～57.82mg/kg。组合施肥较单施化肥净收入高19.4％～37.3％。     

Soil nutrient changes due to land use changes in Northern China: a case study in Zunhua County, Hebei Province

Abstract. Since the 1980s, land use in rural areas of China has changed greatly as the result of political initiatives. These changes have caused soil nutrient changes which are examined in this paper for Zunhua County, northern China from 1980 to 1999. The areas of farmland, grassland, and paddy decreased greatly and were replaced by increases in forest and residential land. The soils under forest in 1999 transformed from farmland in 1980 increased in organic matter by 21%, total nitrogen by 18%, available nitrogen by 65%, available phosphorus by 17% and available potassium by 17%. Similarly, in the area which was converted from farmland in 1980 to grassland in 1999, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium increased by 38%, 37%, 71%, 2% and 28%, respectively. Changes from farmland to forest and grassland not only changed land cover but also improved soil fertility and probably reduced soil nutrient losses.     

有机酸对不同磷源施入石灰性潮土后无机磷形态转化的影响

采用室内培养和化学分析的方法研究了几种有机酸对石灰性潮土无机磷形态转化的影响。结果表明,1)石灰性潮土中磷素主要以有效性很低的磷酸盐(Ca10-P等)形式存在,而有效性较高的磷酸盐(Ca8-P等)含量较少,Ca2-P就更少。2)不同磷源施入土壤后,无机磷总量相应增加。磷酸二氢钾与磷酸二钙主要向Ca8-P、Al-P等有效性相对较差的磷素形态转化,磷酸八钙、氟磷灰石、磷酸铁、磷酸铝等有效性较差的磷源,在较短的时期内主要以自身的形态存在。3)施加各种有机酸可以不同程度地降低土壤中Fe-P、Al-P和Ca10-P含量,增加Ca2-P、Ca8-P和O-P含量,总的趋势是促进土壤中植物难以利用的无机磷形态向植物可以利用的形态转化。这种促进能力因有机酸种类和性质的不同而不同,其作用大小顺序为草酸柠檬酸酒石酸。