土壤溶质迁移理论研究进展

随着农业发展和环境保护工作的加强,土壤溶质迁移研究成为一个热点问题。国内外学者从不同角度研究了土壤溶质迁移机制,并建立了相关的数学模型。通过综合国内外研究文献的基础上,分析了几何模型、对流弥散方程和传递函数模型方面的研究进展及存在问题,并探讨了在相关理论方面间内在关系,指出以后研究的重点问题。     

The impact of environmental changes on the sediment loads of Norwegian rivers

The impact of unusual events on the sediment dynamics in rivers is discussed in this paper. The increase in the number of extreme precipitation events and other unusual weather events in Norway strongly suggests that weather conditions are changing. It is difficult to monitor sediment transport during large magnitude floods. It is however well known that they may deliver substantial amounts of sediment. The suspended sediment load in the upper Atna river during the springflood in 1995 was 44 times the mean load measured during the preceding years. The recurrence interval of this flood was estimated to be 100–200 years. The conditions during the occurrence of a particular flood event may also be of considerable importance and measurements during rainfall on frozen ground have indicated unusually high runoff and erosion rates.The seasonal distribution of runoff in several parts of Norway has changed in recent years and higher winter temperatures have produced an increase in the frequency of flood events. A very long lasting flood caused by a prolonged period of rain occurred in the Vikka stream during September to December 2000. The availability of sediment increased with the increasing soil moisture content in the area. As the ground became saturated, more active slope processes caused erosion rates to increase markedly. The combined effects of climate change and human impact on sediment transport in rivers appear to enhance downstream sediment delivery. Flood protection works along river channels prevent sediment from being deposited on the floodplain. River channels that have been lowered in order to reduce groundwater levels in agricultural floodplain areas will experience the same effect. During the last decade extensive ecological changes have taken place in the coastal areas of southern Norway as 90% of the sugar kelp forest has been lost. This change has been attributed to an apparent increase in sediment delivery to the sea along with a rise in sea temperatures.     

非均匀流动示踪试验及活动性流场模型的应用

采用显色和离子示踪方法,研究水流运动和溶质迁移非均匀特性,并分析活动性流场模型(ARM)描述水流运动和溶质迁移的有效性。运用碘-淀粉显色方法观测水流非均匀流动模式,用溴、氯和硝酸根三种离子示踪水流的非均匀运动特性。ARM耦合非均匀流动所具有的分形特性,该模型本构关系参数反映活动性流场面积比例和土壤水有效饱和度之间的分形关系。与连续性模型相比,ARM模拟土壤水流和溶质迁移结果与测定值更符合。在水平剖面三种离子浓度均表现出正态或对数正态分布规律,且总体上分布离散程度表现出随深度增加而减小的趋势,ARM有效地描述了非均匀流动下水流运动和溶质迁移所表现出的宏观特性。     

中国三类典型稻田CH4排放的稳定性碳同位素变化

Little is known about the stable carbon isotopes of methane(CH4) emitted(δ~(13)CH_(4emitted)) from permanently flooded rice fields and double rice-cropping fields.The CH4 emission and corresponding δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) under various field managements(mulching,water regime,tillage,and nitrogen(N) fertilization) were simultaneously measured in three typical Chinese rice fields,a permanently flooded rice field in Ziyang City,Sichuan Province,Southwest China,a double-rice cropping field in Yingtan City,Jiangxi Province,Southeast China,and a rice-wheat rotation field in Jurong City,Jiangsu Province,East China,from 2010 to 2012.Results showed different seasonal variations of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) among the three fields during the rice-growing season.The values of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) were negatively correlated with corresponding CH4 emissions in seasonal variation and mean,indicating the importance of CH_4 production,oxidation,and transport associated with isotopic fractionation effects to the δ~(13)CH_(4emitted).Seasonal variations of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) were slightly impacted by mulching cultivation,tillage,and N application,but highly controlled by drainage.Meanwhile,tillage,N application,and especially mulching cultivation had important effects on seasonal mean CH4 emissions and corresponding δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) with low emissions accompanied by high values of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted).Seasonal mean values of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) from the three fields were similar,mostly ranging from —60‰ to — 50‰,which are well in agreement with previously published data.These demonstrated that seasonal variations of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) mainly depended on the changes in CH4 emission from rice fields and further indicated the important effects of methanogenic pathways,CH4 oxidation,and CH4 transport associated with isotope fractionation effects influenced by field managements on δ~(13)CH_(4emitted).     

植物磷转运子 PHT1 家族研究进展

【目的】磷是植物生长发育所必需的大量营养元素。植物 PHT1 磷转运蛋白家族在植物磷吸收、运转及再利用等过程中发挥了重要作用。迄今已在多种高等植物中相继分离出大量 PHT1 家族基因。本文综述了国内外关于植物 PHT1 家族的主要研究进展,详细阐述了植物 PHT1 家族的表达模式、功能及可能的调控途径。 主要进展植物 PHT1 家族属于 MFS (major facilitator superfamily) 超家族,不同物种 PHT1 家族蛋白的结构非常保守,通常具有 12 个亲脂跨膜结构域,形成“6 螺旋–亲水大环–6 螺旋”式的结构镶嵌于质膜当中。同时,该家族具有 H₂PO₄–/nH+ 共运子、糖转运子和 MFS 通用转运子等特征结构域和一段保守的氨基酸特征序列 GGDYPLSATIMSE。一般情况,植物 PHT1 家族基因吸收转运 1 个无机磷需要 2～4 个质子协同进入质膜,并伴随膜电位的变化。植物 PHT1 家族的磷转运特性差异较大,其动力学参数 Km 值差别较大。高等植物 PHT1 家族成员众多。在拟南芥、水稻、大豆、茄科植物及其他物种中的研究发现,PHT1 家族各成员间的时空表达模式存在差异,多数成员受低磷信号调控且主要在根部表达,少部分成员在除根以外的其他器官中表达,并行使相应的磷转运功能。已有研究表明,植物 PHT1 家族基因的转录水平受到多因素的调控,例如外界环境中的无机磷浓度,转录因子如 MYB 家族、WRKY 家族以及 ZAT6 等基因能与 PHT1 家族基因启动子区的特殊调控元件如 MYCS 元件、P1BS 元件及 W-box 元件等结合,调控基因的转录。此外,部分 PHT1 家族基因的转录水平受丛枝菌根真菌 (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF) 的调控。除了转录水平的调控,关于植物 PHT1 家族转录后水平的调控途径同样取得了较大进展。PHF1 基因、含 SPX 结构域的蛋白家族、MicroRNA、蛋白磷酸化与去磷酸化、染色质修饰及其他等一系列调控途径均参与到 PHT1 家族基因的转录后调控及信号转导。植物激素如生长素、乙烯和细胞分裂素等也参与这一调控过程。 建议与展望植物对磷吸收利用的分子调控机理及信号转导途径十分复杂,因此,培育磷高效利用基因型作物任重而道远。关于植物 PHT1 家族基因的研究已从模式植物向作物及其他高等植物中扩展,然而对该家族蛋白的生化及结构生物学等研究还待进一步深入。同时,对于一些基因组较复杂的多倍体物种如甘蓝型油菜、小麦、大麦及棉花等,仍有待开展进一步研究。     

温室表层土壤硝态氮运移的水、热耦合效应研究

为了探讨温室作物生产水肥管理和温度环境对土壤NO3--N向表层迁移的影响,选用5 a的温室土壤样品进行土柱蒸发模拟试验,研究蒸发温度、土壤初始含水量、初始NO3--N含量及其耦合效应对温室土壤迁移速率及其垂直剖面分布的影响。试验结果表明:蒸发温度和土壤初始含水量明显影响NO3--N向土壤表层的迁移,并随蒸发温度和土壤初始含水量的增加而加强;通过正交回归分析得出影响NO3--N迁移速率的因素依次为初始含水量、蒸发温度以及温度与含水量的交互作用;土壤初始NO3--N含量以及它与蒸发温度、土壤初始含水量的交互作用对NO3--N迁移速率的影响不显著,但它影响土壤中各层的NO3--N绝对含量;经过5 d蒸发后,NO3--N沿垂直剖面分布出现上高下低,并出现一小的回升后逐渐趋于稳定。本文建立了蒸发条件下NO3--N迁移速率的回归模型,利用该回归模型,可为温室土壤在不同环境及水肥条件下NO3--N向表层迁移速率的预测提供依据。     

河套灌区不同地类盐分迁移估算及与地下水埋深的关系

针对河套灌区引水量逐年减少、输入灌区的盐分无法有效排出、仅能在灌区内部重新分配的现状,以河套灌区耕地-荒地-海子为研究对象,通过野外实测和室内试验分析相结合,基于地质统计学、溶质动力学理论,研究了耕地-荒地-海子系统土壤剖面、不同土层盐分和地下水盐分的时空变化特征,定量估算了不同时期的盐分变化,揭示了系统盐分的表观平衡,分析了地下水埋深对土壤盐分的影响。结果表明:在耕地-荒地-海子系统中,灌溉期,耕地大量盐分随地下水迁移到荒地,秋浇前荒地含盐量是耕地的2倍,秋浇后荒地脱盐量是耕地的3倍。整个生育期耕地1 m土体盐分通过灌溉期淋洗,积盐率仍为56%,秋浇后盐分没有完全排出,脱盐率为44%,土壤深层有轻微积盐现象;荒地1 m土体积盐率为63%,秋浇后脱盐率为62%,荒地盐分全年基本保持平衡。地下水和海子盐分时空分布呈条带状,存在较强的空间相似性,海子是系统的储盐区。应采取有效措施将灌区目前地下水埋深降低0.2 m,研究区地下水埋深控制在1.7～2.3 m之间更佳。在生育期(5月15日—9月15日),荒地1 m土体积盐量为377 705 kg/hm~2。地下水补给荒地20～100 cm土壤盐量为17 985 kg/hm~2,占积盐量的5%; 0～20 cm土壤盐量增加202 395 kg/hm~2,占积盐量的54%;耕地地下水迁移给荒地深层土壤盐量为114 015 kg/hm~2,占积盐量的30%;耕地水平渗透给荒地的盐量为43 305 kg/hm~2,占积盐量11%。本研究可为灌区水盐运移提供理论依据。     

伊犁马长途运输应激血液生理、生化及激素指标的动态变化规律

为了解伊犁马经长途运输过程中的血液生理生化指标的动态变化规律,本试验选用6匹雄性伊犁马,进行路程400 km,历时480 min的长途运输,并分别于上车运输前、中、后等8个时间点采集颈静脉血进行血液指标的检测.结果显示:与上车前相比,在运输4h时马血液中红细胞总数(RBC)、淋巴细胞比率(LYM％)显著下降(P＜0.0...     

不同年代退耕地上2种积沙仪风沙流特征比较

在不同年代退耕地上安装2种不同类型的积沙仪,通过风沙流结构特征的比较研究,分析2种积沙仪收集风沙流的异同点,为干旱荒漠区不同风沙环境条件下风沙流研究筛选出理想的积沙仪.研究结果表明:(1)2号积沙仪的年输沙量明显高于1号积沙仪,风沙流越大,差异越显著,且与退耕地距沙源的远近关系密切,距沙源越近,差异越显著;(2)2种积...     

氮密调控对冬小麦籽粒产量及氮素利用效率的影响

为探究氮肥用量和种植密度对冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的互作效应,2017-2018年在大田定位试验条件下,以'矮抗58'为试验材料,设置112.5、150、187.5 kg/hm2 3个种植密度,0、180、240、300 kg/hm24个施氮水平,研究了氮肥用量和种植密度对小麦干物质积累转运、籽粒产量及氮素利用效率...