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51.
52.
尹燕喆;马娟娟;孙西欢;郭向红 《排灌机械》2013,(10):914-920
为了明确灌后复水(降水)对土壤中水氮分布的影响以及选择合理的灌施方式,通过室内模型试验,研究了在蓄水多坑肥灌条件下不同降水量(30.624,37.334,43.56 mm)所对应单坑不同复水量(140.1,228.7,400.5 mm)和不同复水时间(灌后1,5,10 d)对土壤水氮运移的影响.研究结果表明:复水后土壤含水率增大,复水量为228.7 mm及以上时,30~80 cm深度范围内土壤含水率均达到田间持水率的80%以上,且复水量越大或复水时间间隔越短,复水后水分分布越均匀;硝态氮在湿润锋处积累明显,复水后坑壁附近土壤硝态氮质量浓度降低,硝态氮质量浓度峰值向远处推进,复水量越大或复水时间间隔越短,硝态氮推进越远且向深处迁移越明显;复水后铵态氮质量分数在近坑处降低,在距坑较远处增加,但变化幅度均不大,复水量越大,或复水时间间隔越短,对铵态氮质量浓度影响越大,复水后土壤铵态氮分布越均匀. 相似文献
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根据南水北调供水方案,南水北调进京10年后,受水区内垃圾场将会被地下水浸泡,如不采取防治措施,会对含水层水质造成严重污染。以北京西郊为研究区,利用Visual Modflow软件中的MODFLOW模块和MT3DMS模块分别建立了地下水水流模型和溶质运移模型,对研究区内污染物运移规律进行预测。预测结果表明,10a后氯离子(Cl-)、硝酸盐氮(NO2-3)和总硬度(THD)3种离子的最高浓度和被污染的面积均增大,预测结果可作为调整地下水开采与调蓄方案和垃圾场防渗规划设计的依据。 相似文献
55.
横坡垄作下土壤湿润速率对褐土坡面侵蚀特征的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
不同土壤湿润速率和侵蚀类型下团聚体破碎存在较大差异,进而诱发坡面侵蚀特征变化。横坡垄作特有的侵蚀过程可能改变土壤湿润速率对坡面侵蚀特征的影响效应。以褐土横垄为研究对象,基于室内模拟降雨试验,研究5个土壤湿润速率下(10、20、30、60、90 mm/h)不同侵蚀阶段的产流产沙和团聚体迁移规律。结果表明,细沟间阶段径流量随土壤湿润速率的增大而增加,而细沟阶段不同土壤湿润速率间的径流量无显著差异。2个阶段内,侵蚀量均随土壤湿润速率的增大而增加,与土壤湿润速率10 mm/h相比,20、30、60、90 mm/h速率下的侵蚀量分别显著增加25.16%~115.51%、95.02%~144.34%、151.03%~164.49%、249.42%~398.91%。细沟间阶段,土壤湿润速率的变化仅改变了产沙过程,而细沟阶段产流产沙过程均随土壤湿润速率发生了改变。主要迁移粒级-微团聚体流失所增加的细沟间和细沟侵蚀阶段分别主要来自2~5 mm和0.25~0.5 mm团聚体的破碎,而相应控制这2个粒级破碎的关键土壤湿润速率分别为20 mm/h和10 mm/h。不同阶段下迁移团聚体平均重量直径由大到小依次为细沟阶段、湿润处理后、细沟间阶段。 相似文献
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57.
Timothy A. Quine Gerard Govers Jean Poesen Des Walling Bas van Wesemael Jose Martinez-Fernandez 《Soil & Tillage Research》1999,51(3-4):279-301
Tillage erosion is increasingly recognised as an important soil erosion process on agricultural land. In view of its potential significance, there is a clear need to broaden the experimental database for the magnitude of tillage erosion to include a range of tillage implements and agricultural environments. The study discussed in this paper sought to address the need for such data by examining tillage erosion by a duckfoot chisel plough in stony soils on steep slopes in a semi-arid environment. Results of the investigation of coarse fraction (rock fragment) translocation by tillage in this environment have been presented elsewhere and the paper focuses on tillage translocation and erosion of the fine earth. Tillage translocation was measured at 10 sites, representing both upslope and downslope tillage by a duckfoot chisel plough on five different slopes, with tangents ranging from 0.02 to 0.41. A fine-earth tracer, comprising fine earth labelled with 134Cs, was introduced into the plough layer before tillage. After a single pass of the plough, incremental samples of plough soil were excavated and sieved to separate the fine earth from the rock fragments. Translocation of the fine-earth tracer was established by analysing the 134Cs content of the samples of fine earth. These data were used to establish translocation distances for each combination of slope and tillage direction. Translocation distances of the fine earth were not significantly different from translocation distances of the coarse fraction. For all sites, except uphill on the 0.41 slope, translocation distances were found to be linearly related to slope tangent. The soil flux due to tillage for each site was calculated using the translocation distance and the mass per unit area of the plough layer. For slopes with tangents <0.25, the relationship between soil flux and tangent was linear and the soil flux coefficient derived was 520–660 kg m−1 per pass. This is much larger than the coefficients found in other studies and this high magnitude is attributed to the non-cohesive nature and high rock fragment content of the soil in this investigation. A second contrast with previous studies was found in non-linearity in the relationship between soil flux and tangent when steeper slopes were included. This was a product of variation in plough depth between the steepest slopes and the remainder of the study area. On the basis of the study it is suggested that an improved understanding of tillage erosion may be obtained by considering the dual processes of tillage detachment (mass per unit area of soil subject to tillage) and tillage displacement (equivalent to translocation distance per pass) in assessing, comparing and modelling tillage translocation. An improved model is proposed that recognises the complexity of soil redistribution by tillage, provides a framework for process-based investigation of the controls on tillage fluxes, and allows identification of potential self-limiting conditions for tillage erosion. 相似文献
58.
Oxidation of methane in the rhizosphere of rice plants 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Oxidation of CH4 in the rhizosphere of rice plants was quantified using (1) methyl fluoride, a specific inhibitor of CH4 oxidation, and (2) measuring changes in plant-mediated CH4 emission after incubation under air, N2, or 40% O2. No significant rhizospheric CH4 oxidation was observed from rice plants in the ripening stage. CH4 emission from rice plants 1 week before panicle initiation increased by 40% if CH4 oxidation in the rhizosphere was blocked. The growth stage of the rice plant is an important factor determining the rhizospheric CH4 oxidation. Fluctuation of rhizospheric CH4 oxidation during the growing season may help to explain the observed seasonal CH4 emission patterns in field studies. Measurements from four rice varieties showed that one variety, Pokkali, had higher rhizospheric CH4 oxidation. This was probably because Pokkali was in an earlier growth stage than the other three varieties. Both in the early and in the late growth stages, incubation under N2 caused a much stronger CH4 flux than inhibition of CH4 oxidation alone. Apparently, N2 incubation not only blocked CH4 oxidation but also stimulated methanogenesis in the rhizosphere. Incubation under a higher O2 atmosphere (40% O2) than ambient air decreased the CH4 flux, suggesting that increasing the oxidation of the rice rhizosphere may help in reducing CH4 fluxes from rice agriculture. The O2 pressure in the rhizosphere is an important factor that reduces the plant-mediated CH4 flux. However, inhibition of methanogenesis in the rhizosphere may contribute more to CH4 flux reduction than rhizospheric CH4 oxidation. 相似文献
59.
地下滴灌土壤水运动和溶质运移的数学模型及验证 总被引:22,自引:4,他引:22
以非饱和土壤水运动理论和多孔介质中溶质运移的对流-弥散理论为基础,建立了地下滴灌条件下描述地埋点源土壤水运动和溶质运移的数学模型。模型中对滴头边界进行了简化,并对其可行性进行了检验。模拟计算结果得到室内试验资料验证。该模型可用来描述地下滴灌土壤水、肥运动和分布规律,以便为地下滴灌系统的合理设计提供理论依据。 相似文献
60.
利用大型水盐运动模拟土柱研究了在田间气候作用下作物 (小麦 玉米连茬种植 )生长对土壤水盐运移的影响。研究并建立了土壤水盐运移的数学模型 ,就模型所需的饱和导水率、水力传导度、水分特征曲线、水动力弥散系数进行了室内外测定 ,并对数学模型进行了数值求解。对四个土柱的模拟结果与实测结果进行了数据分析和对比。结果表明 :数值模拟结果和实测数据比较 ,除个别点有一定偏离之外 ,模拟计算结果与实测值拟合效果比较理想 ,说明该模型用于模拟种植作物条件下粉砂壤质土壤的水盐运移是实际可行的。 相似文献