狗蔷薇生长素输出载体蛋白基因PIN1 和PIN2的分离与表达分析

 植物体内生长素输出载体PIN 蛋白基因的表达变化间接反映了生长素的运输与积累状态。 为分析生长素在狗蔷薇（Rosa canina）类原球茎发生初期的作用，以狗蔷薇叶片愈伤形成的不定根为材 料，分离了生长素输出载体蛋白基因PIN1 和PIN2 的cDNA，分别命名为RcPIN1（GenBank 登录号 KF543362）和RcPIN2（GenBank 登录号KF543363）。RcPIN1 全长2 266 bp，编码621 个氨基酸；RcPIN2 全长2 248 bp，编码643 个氨基酸，两者推导蛋白结构差异微小，在N 端和C 端均有5 个跨膜区域，中 间1 个亲水区。Blast 比对发现两个基因与多种植物PIN 基因具有高度同源性（> 70%）。半定量RT-PCR 分析表明，RcPIN1 在根、茎中表达量高于叶和花，RcPIN2 在根中表达水平高于茎、叶和花；在狗蔷薇类 原球茎发生初期，TDZ 诱导培养下愈伤—不定根RcPIN1 和RcPIN2 表达上调，而TDZ + TIBA 抑制培养 下两基因表达不活跃，且类原球茎形成率降低。试验结果表明生长素的极性运输与积累参与了调控狗蔷 薇类原球茎的初期形态建成。     

两种杜鹃杂交种不定芽生根的培养基配方

以杜鹃杂交种R.simsii×R.mucronatum和R.pulchrum×R.mucronatum组培苗的不定芽为外植体,对基本培养基和蔗糖浓度采用单因子设计,对生长素种类和活性炭采用正交试验,对适宜的生根培养基配方进行了探讨。结果表明:不同的杂交组合适宜不定芽生根的培养基类型、蔗糖浓度及激素组合都有所不同。R.simsii×R.mucr-onatum的适宜生根培养基为1/2 WPM+20 g/L蔗糖+3 g/L AC,R.pulchrum×R.mucronatum的合适生根培养基为WPM+10 g/L蔗糖+2 mg/L IBA。适宜的移栽基质均为V泥炭∶V蛭石∶V珍珠岩=1∶1∶1。     

红肉苹果愈伤组织生长素信号相关基因MdARF3的克隆与表达分析

以红肉苹果‘紫红3号’(新疆红肉苹果与‘富士’F_1代)的红色幼嫩叶片为外植体诱导的红色愈伤组织为试材,初步探讨生长素调控苹果花青苷代谢机理。根据拟南芥AtARF3蛋白序列在苹果基因组中Blast比对得到一个生长素信号相关基因(MDP0000173151),暂命名为MdARF3。克隆测序发现该基因的开放阅读框长度为2 127 bp,编码708个氨基酸。进化树分析表明,MdARF3与AtARF3在同一进化支上,推测它们具有相似的功能。愈伤组织在含有0.3 mg·L~(-1) NAA的MS培养基培养2 h之后其MdARF3上调表达,表达量极显著高于无NAA培养基(对照),而CHS、CHI、F3H、DFR、UFGT及LDOX等花青苷合成结构基因的表达量均极显著低于对照,并且MdARF3表达量与培养基中NAA浓度呈显著正相关(相关系数为0.98),与愈伤组织花青苷含量呈显著负相关(相关系数为–0.89),推测MdARF3对培养基中生长素快速做出反应调控花青苷合成;通过原核诱导获得了MdARF3的重组蛋白,为进一步研究MdARF3蛋白在花青苷代谢途径中的功能奠定了基础。     

百子莲2个ARF基因与2个Aux/IAA基因的全长克隆与序列分析

采用不同浓度外源生长素类调节物质毒莠定(PIC)对百子莲(Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis)进行继代培养,并对其胚性愈伤组织进行比较转录组学研究,获得了百子莲生长素信号转导途径中的2个ARF和2个Aux/IAA家族基因,推测其为体胚发生过程中生长素信号传导途径相关的重要调控因子。采用RACE技术获得ApARF1、ApARF2、ApAux/IAA2与ApAux/IAA3的cDNA全长,分别为2 343、2 888、1 034和821 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长度分别为1 770、2 349、480和549 bp,分别编码589、782、159和182个氨基酸残基。生物学分析表明,ApARF1与ApARF2蛋白均具有ARF家族的典型结构,ApAux/IAA2蛋白结构域Ⅳ不完整,ApAux/IAA3结构域Ⅱ部分缺失,但仍具有Aux/IAA蛋白的典型功能。转基因实验表明,ApAux/IAA过表达植株表现出生长延缓及发育受阻的表型,ApARF过表达植株表现出生长促进、花期提前的表型,验证了百子莲ApARF和ApAux/IAA家族蛋白对植物生长发育的调控作用。     

生物助长剂浸根处理对红皮云杉幼苗生长影响的研究

采用天津大学研制的生物助长剂对红皮云杉 1年生换床苗进行不同时间的浸根处理 ,发现采用生物助长剂处理的苗木苗高、主根长度、侧根条数和苗木的生物量都明显增加 ,并得出了不同浸根时间对红皮云杉 1年生换床苗生长影响的差异 ,为生物助长剂在育苗生产中的应用提供了可靠的依据。     

Vegetative propagation of Dalbergia sissoo: effect of growth regulators, length, position of shoot and type of cuttings on rooting potential in stem cuttings

The effect of auxins (IAA or IBA at 100,200,500 mg L 1) on rooting and sprouting parameters differed significantly (p < 0.05).Rooting and sprouting percentages were higher in some treatments while other parameters were significantly higher in other treatments.The results of the present study revealed that rooting was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the length of cuttings,as well as the position of shoots and type of cuttings.On average,86.0 per cent rooting was observed in the 30-cm long cuttings compared to the other two lengths of cuttings,i.e.,20 and 25 cm,irrespective of any auxin treatment.In a control set,without any auxin treatment,a maximum of 60.0% rooting was recorded in the 30-cm long cuttings and a minimum of 40.0% of the cuttings rooted in the 20-cm long cuttings.Similarly,cuttings collected from the lower and upper portions of shoots resulted in 72.5 and 52.5 per cent rooting respectively,irrespective of auxin treatments.Maximum rooting was observed in the lower portion (40.0%) of cutting compared to the upper portion (30.0%) in the control set without auxin treatment.Leafless branches produced maximum (72.0%) rooting compared to the leafy cuttings (35.0%),irrespective of the auxin treatment.The leafy cuttings produces a minimum of 15.0% sprouting and rooting in the control set.     

落羽杉属种源研究：扦插生根能力变异

研究了不同种源、家系落羽杉扦插繁殖生根能力的遗传变异。结果表明,落羽杉嫩枝扦插一般7d开始产生愈伤组织,15d开始发根。活条率、生根率、发根数、不定根总长、生根力指数和抽梢长度等6个性状在种源、家系间均有显著或极显著差异。1600号、401号、502号和鸡公山种源是生长和生根能力兼优的种源家系。500×10-6NAA快浸可以显著提高落羽杉种源扦插生根率。同时还分析了扦插生根性状间及生根力与母树生长间的相关关系。     

杂草对激素类除草剂抗药性研究进展

农田杂草严重影响作物的产量和品质,对除草剂的过度依赖和长期使用,使杂草对除草剂的抗性问题日益突出。目前已有262种杂草(152种双子叶和110种单子叶)的512个生物型对23类中的167个除草剂产生抗性。激素类除草剂作为除草剂的重要成员,为禾谷类作物田的杂草防除提供了保障,然而在使用了几十年后,44种杂草对此类除草剂产生了抗药性。本文对激素类除草剂的分类应用、除草机理、抗性现状、抗性机理等进行了综述,以期为激素类除草剂的应用和抗激素类除草剂杂草的防除提供参考。     

Bioregulatory Effects of the Fungicidal Strobilurin Kresoxim-methyl in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Apart from its fungicidal effect, the strobilurin kresoxim-methyl (BAS 490 F) was found to induce physiological and developmental alterations in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which are seen in connection with improved yield. In a series of biotests including heterotrophic maize and photoautotrophic algal cell suspensions, duckweed, isolated mustard shoots and germinating cress seeds, kresoxim-methyl showed a similar response pattern to standard auxins (e.g. indol-3-ylacetic acid, IAA; 2-(1-naphthyl)acetic acid, α-NAA). Auxin-like activity of kresoxim-methyl was also found when stem explants of tobacco were cultured on a hormone-free medium. Kresoxim-methyl stimulated shoot formation, particularly at 10^-7 M . The same effect was induced by 10^-8 M IAA. The determination of phytohormone-like substances in shoots of wheat plants foliar-treated with 7×10^-4 M kresoxim-methyl revealed only slightly changed levels of endogenous IAA, gibberellins and abscisic acid. In contrast, the contents of dihydrozeatin riboside-type cytokinins increased to 160% of the control, while trans-zeatin riboside- and isopentenyladenosine-type cytokinins remained nearly unchanged. The most remarkable alterations were the reductions in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) levels and ethylene formation which were demonstrated in intact plants, leaf discs and the shoots of wheat subjected to drought stress. Kresoxim-methyl affected the induction of ACC synthase activity which converts S-adenosyl-methionine to ACC in ethylene biosynthesis. In shoots from foliar-treated wheat plants, 10^-4 M kresoxim-methyl inhibited stress-induced increases in endogenous ACC synthase activity, ACC levels and ethylene formation by approximately 50%. Reductions in ACC synthase activity and ACC levels of 30% were also obtained at low concentrations of α-NAA (10^-6 M ). In contrast, ACC synthase activity in vitro was not influenced by adding the compounds. In wheat leaf discs, the inhibiting effect of kresoxim-methyl, α-NAA and IAA on ethylene formation was accompanied by delayed leaf senescence, characterized by reduced chlorophyll loss. However, in contrast to kresoxim-methyl which showed only inhibitory activity on ethylene synthesis over a wide range of concentrations applied, the auxins stimulated ethylene production at high concentrations of about 10^-4 M . The inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis by kresoxim-methyl, together with an increase in endogenous cytokinins could explain the retardation of senescence and the intensified green leaf pigmentation in wheat exposed to this strobilurin. © 1997 SCI.