Threshold of Soil Olsen-P in Greenhouses for Tomatoes and Cucumbers

Phosphorus (P) accumulation is a common phenomenon in greenhouse soil for vegetables. Excessive P accumulation in soil usually decreases the yield and quality of vegetables as well as potentially polluting water environments. Ninety-eight tomato and 48 cucumber greenhouses were investigated in the eight main vegetable production areas of Hebei Province, China. Soil Olsen-P, the electrical conductivity (EC), the pH value, the organic matter of the soil, and the cropping years of these greenhouses were investigated and analyzed in order to better understand the status of soil P accumulation and positively find effective ways to solve the excessive phosphate accumulation problem. The investigation showed that the ratio was above 70% for all of the greenhouses where the soil Olsen-P exceeded 90 mg·kg^?1 (upper bound of soil Olsen-P optimum value in greenhouse) in the 0–20 cm surface soil in the investigated greenhouses. There was a significant positive correlation between the soil Olsen-P content and the soil EC, between the soil Olsen-P and the cropping years, and the Olsen-P had a significant negative correlation with the soil pH value. It is concluded that supplying phosphate fertilizer excessively induced the soil EC to ascend and the pH value to descend, which increases the possibility of the soil secondary salinization and soil degeneration. The significant positive correlation between the soil organic content and the soil Olsen-P contents suggests that supplying organic fertilizer might mobilize soil residual phosphate. This also provides a good way to solve the problem of soil P accumulation. In order to further explore the threshold content of soil Olsen-P demanded by tomato and cucumber under the high soil Olsen-P condition, two tomato greenhouses (T1, T2) in Dingzhou and two cucumber greenhouses (C1, C2) in Wuqiang were researched. All of the greenhouses had ranges of soil Olsen-P content that were between 150 and 300 mg·kg^?1, which far exceeded the 90 mg·kg^?1 ideal. The P fertilizer application rates showed positive correlations with the soil Olsen-P contents and EC values in cucumber and tomato greenhouses in the current season. Analyzing T1 and T2 results showed that tomato was sensitive to the high soil Olsen-P contents ranging from 230.64 to 729.42 mg kg^?1 at the seedling stage (15 days after transplanting; DAT) and from 199.41 to 531.42 mg kg^?1 at the fruiting stage (90 DAT), because the yields correlated negatively with soil Olsen-P contents at each growth stage. It is suggested that the maximum soil Olsen-P threshold content for tomato should be lower than 230 mg·kg^?1 at the seedling stage and lower than 199 mg·kg^?1 at the fruiting stage. But cucumber yield did not change significantly as soil Olsen-P content rose from 248.75 to 927.62 mg kg^?1, 212.40 to 554.07 mg kg^?1, 184.48 to 455.90 mg kg^?1, and 128.42 to 400.96 mg kg^?1 at the seedling stage (15 DAT), early fruiting stage (50 DAT), middle fruiting stage (140 DAT), and late fruiting stage (235 DAT), respectively, suggesting that the maximal soil Olsen-P threshold content was lower than 249, 212, 185, and 128 mg·kg^?1 at each growth stage, respectively. The relationship between fruit qualities and soil Olsen-P contents at each growth stage was not evident. Activities of soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased as soil Olsen-P supply was raised in T1, T2, and C1 at the seedling stage. It is concluded that in an excess soil Olsen-P condition tomato yield decreases strongly as soil ALP activity decreases, whereas ALP activity has little direct effect on cucumber yield.     

相变蓄热砌块墙体在日光温室中的应用效果

日光温室墙体的保温蓄热性能直接影响温室内气温和作物的生长。该文选用石蜡与硬脂酸正丁酯按质量比为5∶5制成复合相变材料,以稻壳为载体采用自然吸附法进行吸附得到相变骨料。相变骨料与建筑材料混合制成相变蓄热砌块,并以其为墙体建造相变蓄热温室。采用差示扫描量热法测试复合相变材料和稻壳骨料DSC（热流-温度）曲线,相变温区为15～45℃;复合相变材料的熔解潜热为116.2 kJ/kg,凝固潜热为118.5 kJ/kg,相变稻壳的凝固潜热值为70.63 kJ/kg,熔解潜热值为58.14 kJ/kg。用多点温度计测量相变温室和普通温室室内外气温和墙体内外表面温度,相变温室室内气温波动幅度比对照温室小4.1℃,最低气温比对照高1.7℃,而最高气温则比对照低2.4℃。通过在温室内栽培金鹏一号番茄试验,表明相变温室中番茄的生长状况明显优于普通温室。因此,该文采用的相变蓄热砌块墙体建成的日光温室比普通温室具有更好的蓄热保温性能,更有利于冬季作物生长。     

常规灌溉条件下施氮对温室土壤氨挥发的影响

为明确温室土壤的氨挥发特征,探讨适宜的减量施氮措施对氨挥发损失量及黄瓜产量的影响,在常规灌溉条件下设置了3个施氮（尿素）处理,采用通气法测定了冬春季黄瓜地中的氨挥发速率。结果表明：温室土壤在氮肥基施后7 d出现氨挥发速率峰值,但在氮肥追施后,施肥带与非施肥带的氨挥发速率峰值分别在第1 d与第5 d出现,氨挥发速率的峰值比氮肥基施时下降了8.6%～46.3%,施肥带的累积氨挥发量是非施肥带的0.91～1.54倍。冬春季黄瓜地的氨挥发损失量为16.7～26.6 kg/hm2,其中减施氮25%处理N900（900 kg/hm2）与减施氮50%处理N600（600 kg/hm2）与习惯施氮处理N1200（1 200 kg/hm2）相比,氨挥发损失量分别降低了22.1%和37.2%。而2 a黄瓜产量的平均值以处理N600（600 kg/hm2）最高,比处理N1200（1 200 kg/hm2）增加了6.52%。综合考虑氨挥发损失量、黄瓜产量及施氮量,在河北省的温室冬春季黄瓜生产中,比农民习惯氮用量（1 200 kg/hm2）减少25%～50%的措施是可行的。     

长期不同施肥下太湖地区稻田净温室效应和温室气体排放强度的变化

利用田间观测和模型预测方法对太湖地区一个长期不同施肥处理的稻田生态系统进行了稻季温室气体排放观测和净温室气体排放强度分析。结果表明,不同施肥管理下,稻田土壤有机碳含量不同程度提高,有机无机肥料配施较单施化肥处理显著提高有机碳库储量,并且秸秆处理略高于猪粪处理。与不施肥处理相比,长期施用肥料显著提高了稻田生态系统CH4和CO2的排放量,有机肥料与化肥配施较单纯施用化学肥料下土壤碳（CO2和CH4）排放增加,但化肥配施秸秆与化肥配施猪粪下稻田生态系统CH4和CO2的排放没有显著差异。不同施肥处理下,稻田生态系统净温室效应表现为CFM≈CFS〉CF〉NF,但水稻生产的净温室气体排放强度并没有显著性差异。因此,在提高水稻产量的同时,有机无机配合施肥并没有提高净温室气体的排放强度。     

三开门自动温室气体测定箱的应用效果

为了降低农田自动温室气体测定箱在观测过程中对作物生长环境及作物生长的干扰,本研究在玉米大田环境条件下比较了一种新型的三开门自动温室气体测定箱与传统单开门自动温室气体测定箱对环境空气温湿度、土壤温度与水分、玉米生长以及温室气体排放的影响。结果表明：三开门温室气体测定箱能显著减小与大田环境条件下的空气温度、湿度及土壤温度的差异;相对于单开门箱,三开门箱在箱体打开及关闭条件下气温平均低0.90和0.74℃,空气湿度平均增加1.36%和降低5.69%;在玉米小喇叭口期前土壤温度约降低2℃,小喇叭口期后差异不显著;对土壤水分的影响在玉米苗期有一定的作用,但差异不显著;三开门箱相对于单开门箱能显著降低箱体对作物生长的影响,还能降低CO2平均通量值6.85%及N2O的平均通量值3.68%,而对CH4平均通量值基本无影响。因此,三开门箱相对于传统单开门自动温室气体测定箱能显著减小测定箱对观测环境及作物生长的干扰,应用这种箱体观测能更好地反映田间温室气体排放状况。     

过磷酸钙添加剂对猪粪堆肥温室气体和氨气减排的作用

为研究不同比例过磷酸钙添加剂对畜禽粪便高温堆肥氨挥发和温室气体减排的作用,该文以猪粪和玉米秸秆为试验材料,以市售过磷酸钙肥料作为添加剂,在发酵仓中(单仓体积1.2m3)进行56d的好氧堆肥试验,监测堆肥过程中的温室气体和氨排放速率及堆体碳、氮损失率。结果表明:在初始物料中添加干质量3.3%～13.2%的过磷酸钙添加剂对减少堆体碳、氮损失,降低温室气体排放均有明显效果,但超过初始物料干质量的9.9%的过磷酸钙添加剂会对堆肥腐熟进程产生显著抑制作用;该试验中添加初始物料干质量3.3%～6.6%分别使堆肥56d的NH3、N2O和CH4排放量减少了24.1%～43.4%、22.2%～27.7%和22.4%～62.9%,总温室气体排放当量减少30%。猪粪和玉米秸秆堆肥中较适宜的过磷酸钙添加量是初始物料干质量的3.3%～6.6%。该文为过磷酸钙添加剂应用于实际堆肥工程提供理论依据。     

秸秆生物反应堆与菌肥对温室番茄土壤微环境的影响

为研究秸秆生物反应堆、微生物菌肥及两者配套措施对土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性,以及作物生长的长期影响,试验以传统种植方式为对照(CK,常规栽培),研究了菌肥(T1,微生物菌肥4 kg/667 m2)、内置式秸秆生物反应堆(T2,秸秆(4 t/667 m2)+发酵沟菌剂(8 kg/667 m2)+腐熟猪粪(600 kg/667 m2))及2种措施配套处理(T3,秸秆(4 t/667 m2)+发酵沟菌剂(8 kg/667 m2)+微生物菌肥(4 kg/667 m2)+腐熟猪粪(600 kg/667 m2))对土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明:1)与CK相比,秸秆生物反应堆能够在一定时期内提高土壤含水率;而菌肥能够在一定时期内降低土壤含水率,秸秆生物反应堆能够显著降低土壤酸性和电导率(EC,electrical conductivity)值,缓冲土壤酸化和次生盐渍化;而单施菌肥对土壤酸碱性和EC值没有显著影响。2)秸秆生物反应堆(T2)增加了土壤中有机质的含量和土壤微生物量,降低土壤中速效磷、钾的含量;微生物菌肥(T1)降低了土壤中有机质含量和微生物量,而显著提升了土壤的速效磷、速效钾含量,两种措施配套处理效果则更明显。3)菌肥能够改善土壤微生物对多聚物、碳水化合物和氨基酸的利用效率,而秸秆生物反应堆能够促进土壤微生物对于一部分氨基酸、羧酸类、酚酸类和胺类物质的利用。而2种措施同时使用时,其促进和改善微生物碳代谢能力的作用则更加显著。4)各处理均能够在一定程度上增加各年度番茄产量。综合考虑,认为内置式秸秆生物反应堆和菌肥配套处理(T3)能够更好的改善和修复日光温室连作土壤,增加作物产量,是一种较为有效的农艺措施。     

后墙立体栽培草莓提高冬季日光温室内温度

在日光温室的后墙上,采用管道无土栽培方式进行蔬菜或草莓生产,可以提高温室空间利用率和作物种植量,但可能会出现因为管道和植物的挡光而减少后墙蓄热、降低冬季温室温度的问题。为此,通过冬季连续31 d的温度监测,在3种典型气象（晴天、阴天、雪天）条件下,对比分析了有后墙立体基质栽培的日光温室（solar greenhouse with equipment,ESG）和无后墙立体栽培的日光温室（solar greenhouse with no equipment,NSG）温度环境的变化。监测结果表明,ESG的月平均气温较NSG高0.84℃,其中最大日温差为2.22℃,最小日温差为0.14℃。晴天条件下,ESG的日平均冠层温度和1.5 m高度处的空气温度分别是12.72和13.04℃,NSG分别是10.68和11.04℃;ESG的冠层温度最低值是4.68℃,而NSG最低值是4.10℃。可见,ESG较NSG的气温要略高一些;阴天和雪天条件下,2种温室内的温度环境无显著差别。因此,利用日光温室后墙进行立体基质栽培草莓,不但没有降低反而提高了冬季温室内的温度,是一种可行、值得推广应用的温室高效栽培技术。     

施肥对稻田温室气体排放及土壤养分的影响

【目的】农业活动引起的温室气体排放对全球变暖的影响日益得到关注,本试验研究不同施肥处理对稻田温室气体排放、 产量和土壤养分的影响,以期为农田可持续利用和温室气体减排提供依据。【方法】在长江中下游地区稻麦轮作区进行田间试验,设置不施氮肥(CK)、 当地习惯施肥(FP)、 推荐N肥(OPT)、 有机无机配施(OPT+M)、 秸秆还田(OPT+S)5个处理,采用静态箱/气相色谱(GC)法测定了稻季CH4、 N2O和CO2的排放情况,调查了不同施肥措施对稻田温室气体增温潜势以及产量,测定了土壤养分,并综合产量和增温潜势对温室气体排放强度进行分析,提出该区域稻田减排增产的合理施肥措施。【结果】 1) 不同处理CH4季节排放总量为OPT+SOPT+M FP OPT CK,排放量为99.02~143.69 kg/hm2; N2O季节排放量为FPOPT+MOPT OPT+S CK,排放量范围为0.95~3.57 kg/hm2; CO2排放顺序与CH4季节排放趋势一致,排放量为7231.64~13715.24 kg/hm2。2)根据稻季CH4和N2O季节排放量以及在100年尺度上的CO2当量计算,不同处理温室气体全球增温潜势大小顺序为OPT+SOPT+M FP OPT CK。在CK、 FP、 OPT、 OPT+M和OPT+S的全球增温潜势中,N2O占的比重分别为10.31%、 26.39%、 21.51%、 22.91% 和11.58%,CH4所占比重分别为89.69%、 73.61%、 78.49%、 77.09%和88.42%。稻田N2O的排放量很少,排放以甲烷为主,因此不同施肥措施所排放的N2O对综合温室效应的贡献远低于CH4。相对于当地习惯施肥处理,OPT、 OPT+M和OPT+S 3种优化施肥措施均在减少化肥施用量的情况下增加了水稻产量,增产率分别为3.6%、 14.3%和 8.5%,其中以有OPT+M处理增产效果最明显。3)不同施肥处理下,CO2排放强度为FP(0.56)OPT+S(0.52) OPT(0.50)OPT+M(0.49),OPT和OPT+M显著低于当地习惯施肥处理,OPT+M CO2排放强度最低。4)有机碳、 全氮、 速效磷和速效钾含量均在OPT+S处理中最高。【结论】不同施肥措施影响稻季温室气体排放,施用有机肥和氮肥均增加了CO2、 CH4、 N2O的排放,秸秆还田增加了CO2和CH4排放,减少了N2O排放。稻田减排应以减少CH4排放为主,推荐氮肥量配施有机肥为碳强度评价体系下最优处理。秸秆还田对土壤养分的改善趋势明显,虽然增加了CO2排放,但考虑到其可避免因焚烧造成大量CO2的排放,总体上依然减少了CO2的排放,但对秸秆还田的适宜量需要进一步研究。     

Effect of Citrate Concentration on the Extraction Efficiency of Selected Micronutrients from Soil

This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of citrate concentration on the extraction efficiency of some micronutrients from soil. Composite surface soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from Eastern Harage Zone (Babile and Haramaya Districts), Wolaita Zone (Damot Sore, Boloso Bombe, Damot Pulasa and Humbo Districts) and Dire Dawa Administrative Council in purposive sampling. The treatments were arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. A greenhouse pot experiment with soybean plant was conducted to determine the correlation between soil test methods and the selected micronutrients, such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the leaves of the plant. The results showed that, among the different citrate concentrations with strontium chloride (SrCl₂) tested for the determination of available Fe, Mn and Zn, the highest correlation coefficients (r = 0.82, p < 0.05), (r = 0.96, p < 0.001) and (r = 0.98, p < 0.001) were found between the diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) method and 0.02 M strontium chloride (SrCl₂)-0.025 M citric acid extractant, respectively. Therefore, 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.025 M citric acid extractant is considered to be the most effective for the determination of Fe, Mn and Zn in soils of the studied areas. Similarly, high correlation coefficients (r = 0.97, p < 0.001) were found between DTPA and 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.05 M citric acid and (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) between DTPA and 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.025 M citric acid extractants for the determination of available Cu from soils. Hence, the 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.05 M citric acid extractant was shown to be the best for the determination of Cu in soils of the studied areas. However, considering the use of universal extractant, the 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.025 M citric acid extractant could easily be adopted as a procedure for the determination of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn for both agricultural and environmental purposes. The greenhouse experiment confirmed the result.