奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（SARA）的易感因素及其对瘤胃功能的影响

在奶牛养殖中,亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（subacute ruminal acidosis,SARA）是一种高发的营养代谢病。随着我国奶牛养殖集约化程度的提高,为提升奶牛生产性能饲喂大量高能谷物饲料极易诱发SARA,导致瘤胃液pH值降低,瘤胃菌群发生改变,瘤胃上皮黏膜层受损,进而影响瘤胃代谢功能。分析了奶牛不同生理阶段、择食行为以及个体差异等SARA的易感因素,探讨了SARA对奶牛瘤胃菌群变化、瘤胃上皮细胞基因表达、瘤胃屏障功能的影响,以期为阐明SARA造成瘤胃功能损伤的机制、降低奶牛发生SARA的风险提供参考。     

Studying the function of ecosystem in preventing aeolian dust emission in the dryland areas of China

Aeolian dust emissions can cause many environmental hazards, like accelerating land degradation and desertification, polluting air, harming human health, and so on. The dryland areas of China (DAC) are hot spots of aeolian dust emissions. To date, many efforts have been paid to researching dust emissions processes and effects, but research studies on ecosystems' function in preventing dust emissions are still very limited. In this study, we investigated the function of DAC ecosystems in preventing dust emissions, and the corresponding driving factors through integrated wind erosion modelling system (IWEMS) modelling. The main results indicate that: (1) from 2001 to 2020, the ecosystems of DAC prevented the emission of dust ~40,554 Tg, approximately 15 times as much as the total actual dust emission (~2776 Tg); (2) the function of DAC ecosystems in preventing dust emissions was relatively strong in spring and winter; (3) grassland ecosystems had the strongest function in preventing dust emissions among all the land cover types, avoiding the emission of dust ~20,857 Tg over 2001–2020; (4) dust emission prevention function provided by the DAC ecosystems benefits almost every region of China, which provides a theoretical basis for formulating ecological compensation policies; and (5) the changes in dust emissions were dominated by wind speed in most areas of DAC.     

生物炭对土壤微生物影响研究进展

近年来,生物炭作为土壤改良剂在国际上引起广泛关注。生物炭施入土壤后可以通过改变土壤的理化性质,直接或间接的影响土壤微生物的生存环境,为微生物提供良好的生长、繁殖空间,从而影响了微生物的丰度、活性以及群落组成,最终提高了作物产量。文章主要针对生物炭对土壤微生物影响的结果,以及不同种类的生物炭对土壤微生物影响的差异进行阐述,并着眼于当前该领域研究上存在的不足及对未来研究的方向进行了展望。     

不同填充剂对农村厨余垃圾堆肥氮转化及相关功能基因的影响

试验以农村厨余垃圾为堆肥原料,设置添加15%锯末（SD）、15%树叶（FL）和15%玉米秸秆（CS）3个处理。研究不同填充剂的添加对农村厨余垃圾堆肥过程中与腐熟度相关的各种理化指标,氮转化及其相关功能基因的影响。结果表明,添加3种填充剂的厨余垃圾堆肥产物均达到无害化处理标准,相比较SD处理,FL和CS处理提高堆体的最高温度并延长高温期的持续时间,FL处理腐熟程度最好,CS处理次之。相较于SD和CS处理,FL处理的NH₃累积排放量分别减少33.81%和5.22%,N₂O累积排放分别减少61.75%和29.10%,堆肥前期的反硝化基因降低明显。冗余分析结果表明,C/N、pH和全氮是造成厨余垃圾堆肥氮转化功能基因变化的主要因素。     

缓释复合酸化剂对断奶仔猪消化道酸度及肠道功能的影响

本试验选用28 R龄断奶、平均体质量(7.00±0.10)kg的长白猪(♂)×大白猪(♂)二元杂交仔猪64头,按单因索试验设计原则,研究在玉米一豆粕一膨化大豆型基础日粮中添加不同类型(包被未包被)复合酸化剂对断奶仔猪胃肠道酸度、生产性能、肠组织形态、消化酶活性、肠道微生物菌群及肠黏膜抗体SIgA的影响.试验设4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复4头猪(公母各半),饲养试验时间为35 d.结果表明,微胶囊型缓释复合酸化剂可以极显著降低断奶仔猪胃和小肠pH(P＜0.01);极显著提高空肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度的比值(P＜0.01);断奶前期,显著提高小肠蔗糖酶和乳糖酶活性(P＜0.05);断奶后期,极显著提高仔猪盲肠和结肠中乳酸杆菌数量,降低大肠杆菌数量(P＜0.01);微胶囊型缓释复合酸化剂还有增加仔猪肠黏膜抗体SIgA分泌量的趋势(P＞0.05).结果提示,在断奶仔猪日粮中添加微胶囊型缓释复合酸化剂,可以通过降低肠道pH,优化肠道微生物区系,改善肠组织形态和功能,从而提高断奶仔猪肠道的消化力和适应性,并促进仔猪生长.     

Soil microbial communities resistant to changes in plant functional group composition

The soil community is an often ignored part of research which links plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning despite their influence on numerous functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Few consistent patterns have been detected that link plant and soil community composition. We used a removal experiment in a northern Canadian grassland to examine the effects of plant functional group identity on soil microbial community structure and function. Plant functional groups (graminoids, legumes and forbs) were removed independently from plots for five growing seasons (2003-2007) and in the fifth year effects on the soil microbial community were examined using substrate-induced respiration (SIR - a measure of metabolic diversity) and phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA - a measure of microbial community composition). Removal treatments were also crossed with both a fertilizer treatment and a fungicide treatment to determine if effects of functional group identity on the soil community were context dependent. Plant functional group identity had almost no effect on the soil microbial community as measured by either SIR or PLFA. Likewise, soil properties including total carbon, pH, moisture and nutrients showed a limited response to plant removals in the fifth year after removals. We found a direct effect of fertilizer on the soil community, with fertilized plots having decreased metabolic diversity, with a decreased ability to metabolize amino acids and a phenolic acid, but there was no direct soil microbial response to fungicide. We show that in this northern Canadian grassland the soil microbial community is relatively insensitive to changes in plant functional group composition, and suggest that in northern ecosystems, where plant material is only slowly incorporated into the soil, five growing seasons may be insufficient to detect the impact of a changing plant community on the soil microbes.     

不同剂量25羟基维生素D3对断奶前犊牛血液生化指标、抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响

为研究不同剂量25羟基维生素D₃[25(OH)VD₃]对断奶前犊牛血液水平、抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响,选取18 头健康状况良好的新生荷斯坦犊牛,随机分成3 组,每组6 头进行为期56 天的饲养试验。分为对照组[不添加25(OH)VD₃]、低剂量组[25(OH)VD₃添加量6 000 IU/头·天]和高剂量组[25(OH)VD₃添加量12 000 IU/头·天]。结果表明,与对照组相比,随着25(OH)VD₃添加剂量增加,血浆生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子-1、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、总抗氧化能力以及免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量显著增加(P<0.05),而丙二醛含量随剂量增加而存在降低趋势(P=0.079)。与对照组和低剂量组相比,高剂量组血浆免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量有增加趋势(P=0.059)。综上所述,断奶前犊牛饲喂高剂量25(OH)VD₃有利于促进体内生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子-1分泌,可提高犊牛抗氧化能力,增强免疫功能。     

巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨混合抗性品系和敏感品系的捕食功能

为明确巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨混合抗性品系（R）和敏感品系（S）捕食功能的差异,在RH（75±5）%、光周期16L：8D条件下,设置16、20、24、28和32 ℃5个温度梯度,研究了巴氏新小绥螨对两个品系二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食效能。结果表明,巴氏新小绥螨对两个品系二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型。16～28 ℃范围内,对二者的攻击系数、捕食能力、最大日捕食量均随温度升高而增加,处理时间则缩短。28 ℃时对雌成螨、若螨和卵捕食量最高,R品系为7.5700头、14.4928头和16.0256粒,S品系为7.9114头、18.3150头和20.1207粒;处理时间最短,R品系为0.1321、0.0690和0.0624 d,S品系为0.1264、0.0546和0.0497 d,温度达到32 ℃时,捕食量下降。在同一温度下,对S品系的捕食能力显著大于R品系（P<0.05）。说明巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨混合抗性品系有一定的拒食作用,这与二斑叶螨R品系在长期药剂选择压力下体壁硬化有关。因此,田间防治二斑叶螨时要交替轮换使用化学农药,保护天敌实现生物防治和化学防治相协调的同时,避免或延缓其产生抗药性,从而更好地实现二斑叶螨的综合防控。     

城市森林社会服务功能价值评价指标与方法探讨

文中提出了城市森林社会服务功能价值评价的指标体系, 并探讨了其评价方法。     

保定市主体功能区划方法及区域发展策略

以国家“十一五”规划纲要为指导思想,采用主体功能区划的方法,对保定地区进行划分,分为优化开发区、重点开发区、适宜开发区、限制开发区、禁止开发区,并以此为基础提出各功能区的发展策略。