Accelerated Degradation and Mineralization of Atrazine in Surface and Subsurface Soil Materials

In surface soils, atrazine is considered to be a moderately persistent herbicide, with half-lives ranging generally from one to two months. In subsoils, however, its degradation is generally slower. This paper reports the degradation of atrazine in soil and subsoil samples taken from six Belgian maize fields. Rapid degradation can take place in some samples taken from surface and in some from subsurface soils. Subsoil samples were found to degrade atrazine either very strongly or not at all. Experiments with [ring-U-¹⁴C] atrazine showed that the micro-organisms responsible for the rapid degradation cleave the triazine ring and extensively mineralize the molecule. © 1997 SCI.     

Kinetics of Uptake and Metabolism of Atrazine in Model Plant Systems

The present work concerns atrazine absorption and metabolism by corn (Zea mays.) seedlings immersed in an aqueous medium in comparison with Acer pseudoplatanus cell cultures. At the point of equilibrium, the apparent concentration inside the A. pseudoplatanus cells (with a moderate lipid content: 0·17% of dry weight) was about twice that of the medium. This equilibrium was probably due to a simple partition process; part of the atrazine was dissolved in the cell water and reached the same concentration as in the external medium while the rest was concentrated inside the cellular lipids. The theoretical calculation of the lipid/water partition, taking into account the value of log P measured not with the lipids but with octanol (log P=2·5), gave a value of 1·5 for concentration inside the plant material. Such an equilibrium, resulting from a partition process between water and lipids, was also obtained in non-living corn seedlings. In living seedlings, an over-concentration of radioactivity due to [¹⁴C]atrazine derivatives was rapidly obtained inside roots and shoots giving concentrations respectively 7- and 12-fold higher than that of atrazine in the external medium. This was due to very rapid chemical transformation of atrazine into its hydroxy derivatives, especially hydroxyatrazine. This hydrolysis of atrazine in corn was due to the presence of high levels of benzoxazinone derivatives in corn seedling cells. The hydroxylated metabolites were able to concentrate in the cells very rapidly and were unable to diffuse freely into the external medium. As a consequence, this process facilitated the penetration of large quantities of atrazine which became rapidly hydroxylated, allowing therefore the passive penetration of atrazine to be further improved, since the concentration C₁ in the receiver compartment was always close to zero. The passive transfer of atrazine, following Fick's law: dq/dt=-Pa (C₀–C₁), was therefore optimized. © 1997 SCI.     

Degradation of [14C]Terbuthylazine and [14C]Atrazine in Laboratory Soil Microcosms

The degradation and formation of major chlorinated metabolites of terbuthylazine and atrazine in three soils (loamy clay, calcareous clay and high clay) were studied in laboratory experiments using molecules labelled with ¹⁴C on the s-triazine ring. Soil microcosms were treated with the equivalent of 1 kg ha^-1 of herbicide and incubated in the dark for 45 days at 20(±1)°C. The quantity of [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide evolved in the soils treated with atrazine was negligible and could not be attributed to mineralization of the parent molecule. The mineralization of terbuthylazine accounted for 0·9–1·2% of the initial radioactivity. In the soils studied, the extrapolated half-lives varied from 88 to 116 days for terbuthylazine and 66 to 105 days for atrazine, with no significant differences for the three soils and the two molecules. The deethyl metabolites of the two s-triazines and the deisopropyl-atrazine metabolite appeared during the incubation in the three soils. The completely dealkylated metabolite was not detected in any of the soils. After 45 days of incubation, the non-extractable soil residues for the high clay, loamy clay and calcareous clay soils represented for terbuthylazine, 33·5, 38·3 and 43·1% and for atrazine, 19·8, 20·8 and 22·3% of the initial radioactivity. © 1997 SCI.     

Alleviating effects of β‐glucan in Oreochromis niloticus on growth performance,immune reactions,antioxidant, transcriptomics disorders and resistance to Aeromonas sobria caused by atrazine

Three hundred Oreochromis niloticus were divided into five groups; the control fish (CNT) were fed a basal diet, beta glucan (βG) group was fed 0.5 g/kg^?1 βG, atrazine (ATZ) group was exposed to 1/5 96‐hr LC₅₀ (1.39 mg/L) ATZ, the (βG/ATZ) group was fed βG while being exposed to ATZ, and the (βG then ATZ) group was supplemented with βG for fifteen days before exposed to ATZ. ATZ exposure caused a decline in growth that was ameliorated by βG. ATZ reduced the levels of total and different types of leucocytes. Additionally, ATZ exposure caused reductions in total proteins, globulins, α 1‐globulin, α 2‐globulin, ?‐globulin, immunoglobulin M, lysozymes, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide and catalase but increases in hepatic transaminases and malondialdehyde without any variations in albumin and β‐globulin. Exposure to ATZ also resulted in a rise in the mRNA level of IL‐8. In contrast, expression of IgM, SOD and CAT were decreased in the tilapias exposed to ATZ. Exposure to ATZ increases the susceptibility response to Aeromonas sobria challenge, as indicated by an increase in cumulative mortality post‐challenge. Supplementation with βG fifteen days before (βG then ATZ group), counteracted the adverse effects of ATZ on the immune, biochemical and antioxidants values, though only slight alleviation was observed with simultaneous treatment (βG/ATZ group). Our results established that ATZ has adverse impacts on immune responses, antioxidant equilibrium and its related genes. While, supplementation with βG before exposure to ATZ may be valuable for counteracting the possible damage caused by ATZ water pollution than its simultaneous treatment with ATZ.     

Microbial N-dealkylation of atrazine: Effect of exogeneous organic substrates and behaviour of the soil microflora

It has been demonstrated that atrazine side-chain mineralisation could be substantially stimulated by addition of carbon-containing substrates such as cellulose, green manure, straw or sawdust in the presence of NH₄⁺ nitrogen but poorly affected by amendments with glucose. Cellulose has the most beneficial effect. For that substrate it has been shown that (i) simultaneous application of the organic amendment and atrazine results in kinetics for side-chain dealkylation showing a lag phase which is reduced or even eliminated by preliminary incubation with the amendment, (ii) rate and extent of mineralisation of the ethylamino side chain are significantly accelerated by decreasing the C/N ratio of the amendment. By comparison, mineralisation of the isopropylamino side chain is not appreciably affected by a change in the value of the C/N ratio as far as atrazine is applied within a two- to three-week period following the organic treatment after which a small deficit in N supply has a definite beneficial effect on mineralisation. Cellulose and, to a lesser extent, straw induce a biphasic change in bacterial number with more numerous and/or active atrazine degraders being predominantly found in the later-developing bacterial community. The fungal microflora is relatively unaffected by all types of carbon substrates but glucose and, unexpectedly, by atrazine at high ratio of application. Activation of atrazine mineralisation seems to be a co-metabolic process which is kinetically controlled by the rate of release from polymerised C substrates of easily available and readily metabolisable low-molecular-weight co-substrates. Transient production of glucose as an end-product of cellulose depolymerisation might induce catabolic repression of dealkylation enzyme systems and be responsible for a lag in atrazine side-chain mineralisation. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

鲫鱼对除草剂阿特拉津的生物富集效应研究

采用半静态水质接触染毒法,研究鲫鱼(Carassiusauratus)肝脏、肾脏和肌肉对不同质量浓度(0、0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0和10.0mg·L-4)阿特拉津的富集效应.结果表明,阿特拉津在鱼体中的富集速度较快;在试验所选浓度下,鲫鱼肝脏、肾脏和肌肉均在染毒后19d即对阿特拉津达到富集稳态,但各个器官对阿特拉津的富集能力都较低.阿特拉津在肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的富集系数均随着染毒浓度的增加而变小,呈现显著的负相关关系;其在肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的最大和最小富集系数分别出现在最低(0.1 mg·L-1)和最高(10.0mg·L-1)浓度组,最大富集系数分别为:13.08、11.00和6.02,最小富集系数分别为:5.22、4.37和2.94.而且,当阿特拉津暴露浓度相同时,鲫鱼不同组织器官对阿特拉津的富集能力存在差异,表现为:肝脏>肾脏>肌肉.     

Effect of Atrazine on Antioxidant Enzyme and Its Bioaccumulation in Kidney of Crucian Carp, Carassius auratus

Etrazine is one of the most widely used herbicides in China and the world. Acute and chronic toxicity tests werc carried out to assess the possible toxicity effect of atrazine on crucian carp （Carassius auratus）. Results showed that 96 h LC,. of atrazine to Carassius auratus was 105.94 mg. L-1. The enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and glutathione-S-transferases （GST） in kidney of Carassius auratus were all influenced by atraizine, and CAT was more sensitive to atrazine compared with SOD and GST. Atrazine residues in kidney of Carassius aura/us reached the stable state at day 19, and the bioaccumulation factors （BAF） of atrazine in kidney of Carassius auratus treated with 1.0 mg. L-1 and 10.0 mg. L-1 atrazine were 8.3 and 4.4, respectively. The research demonstrated that atrazine could cause oxidative stress to fish kidney, but atrazine was not easy to accumulate in Carassius auratus kidney, and the antioxidant enzymes could be used as biomarker to the early detection of pollution.     

四种生物质炭的表面特性及其对水溶液中镉-阿特拉津的吸附性能研究

选用甘蔗叶、木薯杆、水稻秸秆和蚕沙作为原料,分别在300、700℃下限氧控温热解制备生物质炭,采用电镜扫描(SEM)观察生物质炭表面孔隙结构,用红外光谱(FTIR)、Boehm滴定方法对表面官能团的种类和含量进行分析,并研究不同生物质炭在不同镉(Cd)-阿特拉津(AT)初始浓度、不同p H值下对Cd、AT的吸附特征。结果发现,同种原材料制备的生物质炭,高温条件(700℃)热解与低温(300℃)相比,表面的官能团数量较少,但孔隙结构更加明显。不同生物质炭对Cd和AT的吸附符合准二级动力学方程,拟合系数均大于0.998。生物质炭能有效吸附水溶液中的Cd和AT,初始浓度越大,吸附量越大,且高温炭的单位吸附量大于低温炭。相同材料制备的生物质炭在溶液p H=6时对Cd的吸附量高于p H=4时的吸附量,而对AT的吸附能力则是在低p H值时较大。高温制备的水稻秸秆炭和蚕沙炭对Cd的吸附效果较明显,甘蔗叶炭对AT的吸附量最大。     

除草剂单用与混用对土壤微生物活性的影响

在实验室条件下，通过观测投加农药土壤中的细菌、真菌数和土壤呼吸强度的变化，研究了灭草松、莠去津、灭草松 莠去津及灭草松 莠去津 表面活性剂对土壤微生物活性的影响。结果表明，莠去津、灭草松在10倍推荐用量下会使土壤细菌数略有减小，真菌数略有增加，细菌／真菌数之比减小；莠去津 灭草松与他们单用时对土壤呼吸的影响无显著差别，但添加表面活性剂后，土壤呼吸增强且持续时间延长。     

土壤中莠去津对几种农作物安全临界浓度的确定

盆栽实验表明 ,土壤中莠去津对大豆、甜玉米、小麦、水稻和甜瓜的安全临界浓度分别为0.7911,1.5360,0.2932,0.0493和0.0879mg·kg-1,水稻和甜瓜的死亡浓度为0.5mg·kg-1。当土壤中莠去津含量低于安全浓度时 ,可促进上述作物生长 ,而高于安全浓度时 ,则抑制其生长