狼尾草典型生理生化特征对阿特拉津胁迫的响应

通过盆栽试验考察狼尾草生长(生物量及根冠比)及典型生理指标(叶绿素、丙二醛及脯氨酸含量)对不同浓度阿特拉津污染胁迫的响应规律.结果显示,高浓度阿特拉津胁迫下狼尾草生物量(≥ 100 mg·kg^-1)、根冠比(≥ 200 mg·kg^-1)两类生长指标与对照处理相比达到显著性抑制水平.阿特拉津胁迫(≤ 200 mg·kg^-1)对狼尾草叶片中叶绿素含量的影响较小,各污染处理样品叶绿素含量与对照组的差异不显著;阿特拉津污染胁迫水平达到100 mg·kg^-1时,狼尾草叶片中脯氨酸含量达到最大值(39.38 μg·kg^-1),同时丙二醛含量与对照处理相比呈现显著升高的趋势.上述结果表明:只有在较高浓度阿特拉津(≥ 100 mg·kg^-1)胁迫水平条件下,狼尾草典型生长及生理指标才逐渐受到极显著影响,从植物生长与生理角度揭示了狼尾草对阿特拉津具有较强的耐受能力.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱/质谱串联法分析奶牛饮用水中莠去津及其6种代谢物的残留

建立了高效液相色谱质谱联用检测奶牛饮用水中莠去津及其6种代谢物残留的同步分析方法。利用MCX固相萃取柱富集净化,采用液相色谱-质谱串联进行测定,外标法定量。结果表明莠去津及其代谢物在0.4~100 μg/L范围内线性良好,标准曲线相关系数r2均大于0.99。在0.03～3 μg/L浓度范围内,平均加标回收率除脱异丙基羟基莠去津的较低(64.17%)外,其他目标物的回收率在71.31％~116.67％之间,相对标准偏差为0.97％~12.03％。7种目标物的检出限为0.01 μg/L,方法的灵敏度较高,且简便、快速。     

Atrazine behaviour in the different pedological horizons of two Argentinean non-till soil profiles

Atrazine behaviour was investigated in the different pedological horizons from profiles of two non-tilled soils, a Typic Argiustoll and an Entic Haplustoll from the Argentinean pampas. As atrazine use in field conditions was associated with maize cropping, only one type of soil received atrazine every other year. Atrazine behaviour was characterized through the balance of ¹⁴C-U-ring atrazine radioactivity among the mineralized fraction, the extractable fraction and the non-extractable bound residues. The composition of the extractable fraction was characterized. Atrazine mineralization was the main dissipation mechanism in the superficial horizon of the Argiustoll because of microbial adaptation after repeated atrazine applications. In contrast, little atrazine mineralization was found in the Haplustoll profile, and it decreased with depth. The capacity of the soil organic matter to form bound residues was characterized using soil-size fractionation. Atrazine-bound residues depended on the soil organic matter content and the size of the fraction. Organic matter in the largest size fractions had a higher capacity to form atrazine-bound residues. In the Argiustoll profile, the atrazine degradation capacity decreased in the subsurface horizons (Bt₁ and Bt₂), where a large part of bound residues were formed. The deepest horizon (BC) of this profile had a high capacity to degrade atrazine reaching this horizon after a lag period. In the Haplustoll profile, atrazine mineralization and bound residue formation followed the organic carbon mineralization pattern.     

低浓度阿特拉津对鲫鱼超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响

将鲫鱼分别暴露于浓度为0、0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0和10.0mg·L-1的阿特拉津溶液中,在染毒后的第3、6、10、14、19和24d对1.0和10.0mg·L-1两个浓度组的鲫鱼进行取样;在实验结束时(24d)对所有浓度组进行取样,分别测定其肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中SOD活性,研究在不同作用时间和不同暴露浓度下,阿特拉津对鲫鱼肝脏、肾脏和肌肉SOD活性的影响。结果表明,阿特拉津能使鲫鱼肝脏、肾脏和肌肉SOD活性产生显著变化。在染毒后的第24d,各浓度组肝脏SOD活性均受到抑制,肾脏SOD活性均受到诱导,肌肉SOD活性在低浓度下受抑制,高浓度下被诱导;且在本实验所设浓度范围内,阿特拉津与肝脏SOD活性之间存在剂量-效应关系,与肾脏SOD活性在1.0～10.0mg·L-1范围内存在剂量-效应关系。在14～24d内,阿特拉津与肌肉SOD活性之间存在时间-效应关系,与肝脏和肾脏SOD活性之间在任何时间范围内都不存在明显的时间-效应关系,但在整个实验期内,1.0和10.0mg·L-1两个暴露浓度对同一器官SOD活性的影响具有相同的变化趋势。     

鲫鱼对除草剂阿特拉津的生物富集效应研究

采用半静态水质接触染毒法,研究鲫鱼(Carassiusauratus)肝脏、肾脏和肌肉对不同质量浓度(0、0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0和10.0mg·L-4)阿特拉津的富集效应.结果表明,阿特拉津在鱼体中的富集速度较快;在试验所选浓度下,鲫鱼肝脏、肾脏和肌肉均在染毒后19d即对阿特拉津达到富集稳态,但各个器官对阿特拉津的富集能力都较低.阿特拉津在肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的富集系数均随着染毒浓度的增加而变小,呈现显著的负相关关系;其在肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的最大和最小富集系数分别出现在最低(0.1 mg·L-1)和最高(10.0mg·L-1)浓度组,最大富集系数分别为:13.08、11.00和6.02,最小富集系数分别为:5.22、4.37和2.94.而且,当阿特拉津暴露浓度相同时,鲫鱼不同组织器官对阿特拉津的富集能力存在差异,表现为:肝脏>肾脏>肌肉.     

除草剂阿特拉津对血清体系中性激素干扰机理研究

为了进一步了解环境内分泌干扰物对人体内性激素平衡的影响,选择阿特拉津这种已被确认为环境内分泌干扰物的农药,通过研究阿特拉津、天然性激素（雌二醇、睾酮）加入血清后体系紫外吸收峰的变化、温度与体系荧光强度关系等方法,确定了阿特拉津、天然性激素对血清组分的荧光猝灭机理,认为阿特拉津可发生类似天然性激素和血清组分间的基态络合。此外,通过计算各二元体系的结合常数发现,阿特拉津与血清组分的结合常数与天然性激素常数较为接近,可以认为阿特拉津具有与天然性激素相近的对血清组分的结合能力,并可能与天然性激素发生竞争结合,由此影响生物体内正常的性激素水平。     

莠去津高效降解细菌HB-5的固定化研究

以莠去津降解细菌HB-5作为研究对象，探索了降解菌HB-5的固定化方法，并对降解菌HB-5及其固定化菌对土壤中莠去津的降解能力进行了比较。采用注射器滴定方法对细菌HB-5进行了固定化，并对海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇、卡拉胶、脱乙酰壳多糖4种包埋材料从成本、固定时间等方面进行了比较，筛选出最佳固定条件。研究确定海藻酸钠为最佳包埋剂，并对包埋剂的浓度、包埋粒径等进行了探索，测定了降解菌HB-5及其固定化菌对土壤中莠去津的降解率。结果表明，以浓度为2．5％～3．5％的海藻酸钠溶液作为包埋剂进行固定化，生产的HB-5固定化菌机械强度和物理稳定性好，分离度高，符合实验和应用的要求。菌株经固定化后，降解莠去津的能力大大提高，在第1d以后，其降解率均高于未固定化菌；在第1～7d，随培养时间的延长，降解菌与固定化菌HB-5的降解率迅速提高，在第7d达到85％；在第7～13d，两者的降解率增长缓慢，但在第10d均可达到90％。     

沉水植物对水体阿特拉津迁移的影响

通过研究阿特拉津在武汉市汤逊湖、南湖和荆州市洪湖的沉积物-水体系中分配、吸附和解吸行为,得出阿特拉津在该体系下解吸平衡分配系数KPd远大于吸附平衡分配系数KP,即其滞后解吸行为显著,表明阿特拉津一旦从水中进入沉积物,则很难得以解吸。在此基础上,将南湖沉积物添加阿特拉津淹水培养沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus)和穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum),设置阿特拉津初始浓度为0.1、0.25、0.5 mg·kg~(-1),结果表明:两种植物均能直接吸收阿特拉津,在第20 d,初始浓度为0.25mg·kg~(-1)时,菹草和穗花狐尾藻体内阿特拉津浓度分别为13.4、11.2 mg·kg~(-1);两种植物对水体中阿特拉津具有一定的去除作用,培养45 d后,随着浓度的增加,菹草和穗花狐尾藻对根际沉积物中阿特拉津的去除率分别达到92%、86%、91%和84%、82%、90%,至60d时,对上覆水中阿特拉津降解率分别为35.0%、51.3%、1.50%和32.4%、61.8%、0.44%。尽管水体中残留阿特拉津容易被沉积物吸持,但在一定浓度范围内仍可用适当的沉水植物对其进行去除。     

微生物修复阿特拉津的研究进展

阿特拉津作为优良的三嗪类除草剂被广泛使用，其由于自身原因极易在生产和使用过程中产生残留污染，并通过淋溶与食物链传递给世界范围内的动植物带来生态风险的威胁。微生物修复作为一种新型高效的绿色修复技术已日益受到重视。文章总结了可修复阿特拉津的菌株的大类，报告了部分菌株的降解机理与途径，并对现有的试验办法进行了探讨，对微生物修复阿特拉津的未来做出了建设性的探讨。     

High Drift Rate Effects of Propanil and Basis Gold on the Plankton Communities and Water Quality of a Prestocking Sunshine Bass,Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis,Fry Pond

ABSTRACT

Mesocosm-testing of aerially applied herbicides propanil and Basis Gold (86.8% atrazine) and indicated high drift rates (10–20% of field rates) resulted in adverse impacts on aquaculture production-pond phytoplankton, zooplankton, and critical water-quality variables. Effects on fry pond phytoplankton, zooplankton, and water quality from these herbicides were evaluated at 30% of field application rates, equal to the worst-case scenario from drift to these smaller ponds with consequent higher concentrations. The study was conducted in 12 outdoor pool mesocosms of 500 L volume, filled with pond water from an adjacent 0.1 ha pond fertilized and prepared as recommended for sunshine bass, Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis, fry stocking. Plankton and water quality samples were taken just prior to herbicide application (day 0) and on days 1,2,3,4-zooplankton only, and on day 7 after application. Field application rates for Basis Gold and propanil were 0.8 kg active ingredient and 1.80 kg/ha, respectively. Significant changes from control treatment values were found for several parameters in both herbicide treatments. Following application on June 20, net primary productivity was significantly depressed on day 1 in the propanil treatments, but increased on days 2 and 3. Morning dissolved oxygen (DO) was lower on days 1–3, but not to critical levels. Also, in the presence of propanil, pH and consequently UIA were lower from day 1 to 3. Basis Gold reduced morning DO on days 2 and 3, but not net primary productivity. Nitrite-N, however, was significantly higher on day 1. Phytoplankton total numbers, and the cyanobacterium Chroococcus sp. which dominated, were reduced by propanil on days 1 -3; and similarly affected by Basis Gold on days 2 and 3. Numbers of green algae, Scenedesmus sp. and Coelastrum sp., and diatoms were, however, stimulated by propanil and diatoms by Basis Gold. Zooplankton were little affected by either herbicide. Thus, high levels of drift from propanil and Basis Gold should not result in negative impacts on fry production.