环境因素与油乳剂对莠去津的影响

室内测定了环境因素与油乳剂对莠去津防除杂草的影响．结果表明，土壤含水量、空气湿度的提高均有利于莠去津茎叶处理药效的发挥，而４８ｈ内降雨将大大降低莠去津的防效．莠去津喷雾液内加入油乳剂将减轻上述不利因素的影响，提高莠去津的喷雾效果。     

Verification of the prediction technique for the amount of adsorbed linuron on soils

The Freundlich isotherm was used to estimate the adsorption of the herbicide linuron on 39 Japanese soils to confirm the suitability of the prediction technique used in atrazine adsorption. Linuron was adsorbed on the soils according to the Freundlich isotherm. In conjunction with the log K _F prediction equation derived from the soil characteristics, it was possible to predict the linuron adsorption. Comparison of the equations for linuron with those for atrazine, indicated that the difference in the intercept of the 1 / n regression line against log K _F reflected the adsorptive characteristics of the herbicides.     

狼尾草典型生理生化特征对阿特拉津胁迫的响应

通过盆栽试验考察狼尾草生长(生物量及根冠比)及典型生理指标(叶绿素、丙二醛及脯氨酸含量)对不同浓度阿特拉津污染胁迫的响应规律.结果显示,高浓度阿特拉津胁迫下狼尾草生物量(≥ 100 mg·kg^-1)、根冠比(≥ 200 mg·kg^-1)两类生长指标与对照处理相比达到显著性抑制水平.阿特拉津胁迫(≤ 200 mg·kg^-1)对狼尾草叶片中叶绿素含量的影响较小,各污染处理样品叶绿素含量与对照组的差异不显著;阿特拉津污染胁迫水平达到100 mg·kg^-1时,狼尾草叶片中脯氨酸含量达到最大值(39.38 μg·kg^-1),同时丙二醛含量与对照处理相比呈现显著升高的趋势.上述结果表明:只有在较高浓度阿特拉津(≥ 100 mg·kg^-1)胁迫水平条件下,狼尾草典型生长及生理指标才逐渐受到极显著影响,从植物生长与生理角度揭示了狼尾草对阿特拉津具有较强的耐受能力.     

除草剂阿特拉津微生物降解研究进展

阿特拉津是一种低毒除草剂,但因其长时间大范围使用,造成大面积的土壤、地表水、地下水等环境的污染。目前有关阿特拉津的生物降解是世界上生物降解的研究热点之一,文章综述了阿特拉津及降解产物的分析检测、降解微生物的筛选方法与微生物类群、降解途径与降解酶,并展望了农药降解微生物的应用前景。     

莠去津、氰草津对土壤微生物功能的影响

探讨了莠去津和氰草津对土壤微生物的呼吸作用、硝化作用、氨化作用的影响。结果表明:莠去津对土壤微生物的呼吸作用影响不明显,高浓度的氰草津(100μg/g)对土壤微生物的呼吸作用有明显抑制作用;2种药剂各处理6 d内对土壤微生物的硝化作用均有刺激作用,高浓度的莠去津(100μg/g)9 d对土壤微生物的硝化作用有抑制作用,以后所有处理影响不显著;莠去津各浓度(10μg/g、40μg/g、100μg/g)3~9 d内对土壤微生物的氨化作用有刺激作用,氰草津各浓度培养3 d内对土壤微生物的氨化作用有刺激影响,以后影响不显著。     

阿特拉津在紫外-氯消毒中的转化特性及机理研究

采用紫外-氯消毒技术去除水中的农药类内分泌干扰物阿特拉津,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定水中阿特拉津残留浓度,并以液相一质谱联用(LC-MS、LC-MS/MS)技术鉴定其消毒副产物.结果表明,紫外-氯联合消毒技术能有效去除水中的阿特拉津.阿特拉津在紫外消毒过程中迅速降解,主要表现为脱氯羟基化作用,主要产物为2-羟基-4-乙胺基-6-异丙胺基-1,3,5-三氮苯(OIET),次要反应为氨基侧链脱烷基、氧化以及脱水成烯反应.后续加氯过程对阿特拉津及其主要产物没有明显的去除效果,但能有效去除乙烯胺类产物,且不明显引入消毒副产物,是一种安全有效的水处理工艺.     

On-farm management practices to minimise off-site movement of pesticides from furrow irrigation

Off-site movement of pesticides from furrow-irrigated agriculture has been a concern in the Ord River Irrigation Area, Western Australia. This paper reports on the effectiveness of incorporation of pesticides by cultivator or power harrows before irrigating, and spraying pesticides only onto beds to minimise off-site transport. Incorporation of pesticides by power harrows prior to irrigation was found to be more effective in decreasing the off-site transport of a more strongly sorbed pesticide, endosulfan. The average load of total endosulfan (alpha + beta + sulfate) decreased by 74% (P < 0.01) from 11.41 g ha(-1) from the conventionally treated bays to 2.96 g ha(-1) from the incorporated irrigation bays. The total average load of atrazine leaving the irrigation bays was decreased by 81% (P < 0.05) from 87.82 g ha(-1) under the conventional practice of spraying the whole field to 16.95 g ha(-1) by spraying the beds only. A reduction of 52% in total average load of metolachlor was observed following incorporation with power harrows, but this was not significant. Incorporation by cultivator or by power harrows decreased the total load of atrazine or metolachlor leaving the irrigation bays over the whole irrigation period, but these treatments were not shown to be statistically significant, which may have been due to the limited number of field replicates. Incorporation of strongly sorbed pesticides (e.g. endosulfan) prior to irrigation significantly decreased the off-site transport of these pesticides in a furrow irrigation system and may be a useful practice to minimise off-site transport of other similar pesticides. Minimising off-site transport of weakly sorbed pesticides (e.g. atrazine and metolachlor) from a furrow irrigation system is more difficult. The nature of furrow irrigation makes it highly conducive to pesticide transport, particularly of weakly sorbed pesticides, and further work is needed to develop strategies to minimise the movement of this group of pesticides to water bodies.     

除草剂阿特拉津的生态风险与植物修复研究进展

除草剂阿特拉津的生态毒性及其对人类健康、农业生产及生态环境的影响受到广泛关注。针对阿特拉津的使用现状和在环境中的残留及其危害,综述了阿特拉津的性质、分布和危害,介绍了阿特拉津污染土壤的植物修复及应用方面的研究进展。     

羧甲基壳聚糖/改性膨润土复合载体对莠去津释放和淋溶的影响

首次尝试将羧甲基壳聚糖与改性膨润土复合用作除草剂莠去津的载体,制备得到控释型颗粒剂,以延缓莠去津的释放,减少淋溶损失,提高药效及控制其污染。通过水中释放实验研究了制剂配方对莠去津释放速率的影响,并借助半经验方程探讨了其释放机理,采用土壤薄层实验考察了复合载体对降低莠去津淋溶的效果。 结果表明,采用复合载体时莠去津的半数释放时间(t 50)可达700 h 以上,比对照采用单一羧甲基壳聚糖作载体时延长了1倍以上。莠去津由颗粒剂向水相释放的过程主要受费克扩散(Fickian diffusion)控制,且经9次淋洗后莠去津的累计淋出率仅为6.0%,表明该复合载体控释制剂可显著减少莠去津对地下水的污染。