Wind‐induced variability in coastal larval retention areas: a case study on Western Baltic spring‐spawning herring

The investigation of larval dispersal and retention, their variability and dependence on wind conditions, has become a major topic in fisheries research owing to potential effects on stock recruitment and stock structuring. The present study quantifies the wind‐induced variability of larval retention of herring in a highly productive coastal lagoon of the Western Baltic Sea. This lagoon, the Greifswalder Bodden, represents the main spawning area of Western Baltic Spring‐Spawning Herring, a stock that has recently undergone a continuous decline in recruitment. The study tests whether this decline was related to changes in larval retention, more precisely to changes in wind conditions, the main forcing of the lagoon's circulation. To answer this, a model approach was applied. Larvae were tracked as Lagrangian drifters under constant and variable wind conditions, examining the main drift patterns and reconstructing the incidents during the period of recruitment decline. For the latter, weekly cohorts of virtual larvae were released in the lagoon over the entire spawning period (April–June; >16 weeks). The fraction of retained larvae per cohort was related to observed larval abundances. On this basis, a new retention index was defined to evaluate the annual larval retention. The results presented cannot explain the observed recruitment decline but characterize the lagoon as an important larval retention area by virtue of unsteady wind conditions that prevent a steady outflow of larvae.     

杭州市典型茶园土壤与茶叶中重金属的积累与来源分析

为了解杭州市茶园土壤与茶叶中重金属的污染状况及其重金属的可能污染来源,选择杭州市典型茶园20个,按区位与施肥的不同分为城郊-化肥、城郊-有机肥、山区-化肥和山区有机肥等4种类型,采集了0~15、45~60 cm分层土样及茶树新叶和老叶样品,分析土样和茶叶样品中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Hg、Cr和Co等重金属含量。结果表明,研究土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Hg、Cr和Co污染程度较轻,其含量均低于土壤环境质量二级标准。除老叶样中Pb有25%样品超标外,新叶及老叶的其他重金属元素都在限值以下。城郊区茶园土壤的Pb、Cd和Hg含量普遍高于山区茶园。施用化肥的茶园土壤Cd略高于施用有机肥的茶园,施有机肥的茶园土壤Hg略高于施用化肥的茶园。施用有机肥的茶园土壤Zn和Cu明显高于施化肥的茶园。施用有机肥可轻微提高茶园土壤中Cr的积累;土壤中Co的积累受人为影响较小。研究认为,研究区茶园土壤中重金属Pb、Cd和Hg的积累主要与大气沉降有关,而Zn和Cu的积累主要与有机肥料的施用有关。     

天柱山2011.7.23特大雷电灾害天气动力学分析

为了提高雷电灾害天气预报能力,服务天柱山旅游业。运用安徽省天柱山气象站地面观测气象资料、合肥多普勒天气雷达回波资料和美国NCEP全球分析FNL资料,对2011年7月23日天柱山特大雷电灾害天气过程进行了详细的分析。结果表明,环流特征为测站上空受槽前西南气流及低层较强的暖平流影响,贴地层在西太平洋伸向内陆的热带低压环流内,200 hPa为副热带西风急流。1000~ 700 hPa假相当位温随高度减小近10℃,在T-lnp图上抬升凝结高度和自由对流高度接近1000 hPa高度上,平衡高度伸至200~300 hPa之间,对流有效位能为2058 J/kg,而对流抑制能量在300 hPa以上。14时低层气温和比湿增量大于中高层,表明气层稳定度减小。低层为湿层并有湿舌从东北方向伸向测站,测站位于舌尖端;中高层为干层覆盖,这种湿度垂直分布非常有利雷暴出现。雷暴在雷达回波图上具有明显特征。     

The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth and the development strategy of a low-carbon economy in Kazakhstan

Fossil energy is the material basis of human survival, economic development and social progress. The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is becoming increasingly close. However, energy consumption is the major source of greenhouse gases, which can significantly affect the balance of the global ecosystem. It has become the common goal of countries worldwide to address climate change, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and implement sustainable development strategies. In this study, we applied an approximate relationship analysis, a decoupling relationship analysis, and a trend analysis to explore the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth using data from Kazakhstan for the period of 1993–2010. The results demonstrated:(1) the total energy consumption and GDP in Kazakhstan showed a "U"-type curve from 1993 to 2010. This curve was observed because 1993–1999 was a period during which Kazakhstan transitioned from a republic to an independent country and experienced a difficult transition from a planned to a market economy. Then, the economic system became more stable and the industrial production increased rapidly because of the effective financial, monetary and industrial policy support from 2000 to 2010.(2) The relationships between energy consumption and carbon emissions, economic growth and energy exports were linked; the carbon emissions were mainly derived from energy consumption, and the dependence of economic growth on energy exports gradually increased from 1993 to 2010. Before 2000, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth was in a recessional decoupling state because of the economic recession. After 2000, this relationship was in strong and weak decoupling states because the international crude oil prices rose and energy exports increased greatly year by year.(3) It is forecasted that Kazakhstan cannot achieve its goal of energy consumption by 2020. Therefore, a low-carbon economy is the best strategic choice to address climate change from a global perspective in Kazakhstan. Thus, we proposed strategies including the improvement of the energy consumption structure, the development of new energy and renewable energy, the use of cleaner production technologies, the adjustment and optimization of the industrial structure, and the expansion of forest areas.     

本溪地区大风天气气候统计分析及概念模型

选取1980—2010年本溪市区、小市镇、桓仁镇、草河口站4个测站逐日自记风记录,运用气候资料统计整理方法分析本溪地区大风的气候特征,得到了本溪地区大风的一些气候事实及规律。结果显示：本溪地区大风日数年际变化分3个阶段：1980—1984年偏多,1984—1998年正常波动不大,1999年以后大风日数明显减少;大风天气最多的季节是春季,以4、5月最多;最多的为偏WNW大风。根据环流形势特征,用天气学方法对大风进行了分型与分析,将大风分为冷锋后部型、高压后部偏南型、低压发展型3种天气环流类型,并给出了每个概念模型的预报着眼点,为今后的预报提供一定参考。     

陕西省混合层高度变化规律研究

根据陕西省99个气象台站2006—2011年逐时气象观测资料,统计计算了各站四季及年平均混合层高度,并利用GIS系统绘制等值线分布图,分析了混合层高度的区域分布特征、四季和全年日变化特征。分析表明:（1）全年和四季平均混合层高度均以关中最高、陕北其次、陕南最低,其中陕北区域北部高、中部低,关中和陕南均为东北部高、西南部低;（2）各区域混合层高度均以春季最高,夏季其次,冬季最低,大致以冬季12月或1月最低,随后快速升高,4—5月达到最高,以后逐渐降低;（3）日变化均呈单峰型,日出后开始迅速升高,13:00前后达到最高,16:00开始迅速降低,日落后至次日日出前持续较低,春、夏季峰值持续时间较长,秋、冬季较短;（4）四季陕北和关中全天平均混合层高度差异不大,大部分时间关中略高于陕北;陕南春、夏季白天、秋季9:00—16:00、冬季10:00—15:00明显低于陕北和关中,而秋季18:00至次日7:00、冬季17:00至次日7:00大多高于陕北和关中。     

福州城郊不同游憩空间大气颗粒物浓度的变化规律——以福建农林大学校园为例

为合理评价城郊游憩地改善生态环境功能,提高规划合理性,对5类16个游憩监测点进行大气颗粒物浓度、气象因子4季监测,分析同一环境不同类型游憩地大气颗粒物浓度变化规律及特征.结果表明:(1)大气颗粒物浓度整体表现为夏季低,冬季高,春、秋季不同粒径大气颗粒物浓度变化介于夏季与冬季之间;(2)不同类型游憩地立地条件对各粒径大气颗粒物浓度有较大影响,且随季节变化各粒径大气颗粒物浓度变化规律有所不同;(3)影响大气颗粒物的环境因子有风速、气压、湿度、温度等;(4)不同立地条件对大气颗粒物、温度、湿度、风速等有显著影响,改善立地条件,对降低大气颗粒物浓度,提高环境功能有积极作用.     

能源消费状况对延安市大气环境质量的影响分析

以1993-2003年的大气环境监测数据为依据,介绍了延安市市区大气环境中主要污染物二氧化硫、氮氧化物、总悬浮颗粒物近年来的变化特征。将上述变化特征与延安市近年来的能源消费状况相对照,进行分析研究,结果表明:由于延安市对能源结构的调整,延安市的煤烟型污染已得到有效控制。在此基础上,提出了进一步改善延安市大气环境质量的建议与对策。     

沙尘天气下大气电场与颗粒物关系研究

大气电场对各种气象要素的变化有着敏锐的反应,对一个地区大气电场特征的研究,有助于分析各种相关的天气过程,对该地区气候特征的研究也有重要意义。本文给出了太原地区3次沙尘天气下2个气象站内大气电场与大气颗粒物以及风速、湿度等气象要素相关性进行分析。结果表明,沙尘与晴天天气的大气电场有较大的差别,当沙尘到来后,大气电场值迅速下降,并且始终保持为较大的负值;沙尘天气下大气电场、PM10、PM2.5都发生剧烈的变化,PM1.0变化相对较小,其中沙尘天气下大气电场的绝对值、PM10、PM2.5分别比晴天天气下的值高3.94~5.74、2.07.94~5.89、1.28~5.91倍,沙尘天气下的PM1.0比晴天降低0.25~0.75倍）。不同粒径颗粒物的起电机理以及颗粒物来源不同导致颗粒物与大气电场的相关性不同,其中PM10、PM2.5呈较高的正相关,PM1.0呈负相关,且相关性较低。由于郊区站与城市站的下垫面不同,较大的风速将郊区站地表较大粗粒子吹起,使得郊区站沙尘大气电场在一些时段内会出现正值。     

秀珍菇物理保鲜研究

比较了秀珍菇低温保鲜、自发气调保鲜、低温真空综合保鲜以及不同潮次子实体的保鲜效果。结果表明,低温真空综合保鲜效果最佳,能有效地延缓秀珍菇变色、变味,抑制菌柄气生菌丝发生,减少水分损失,可以使秀珍菇保鲜期限超过9d。秀珍菇第一潮子实体与第二潮子实体的保鲜效果无显著差异,但均比第三潮子实体的保鲜效果好。