燃煤硫污染及固硫研究

从理论上探讨了在煤的燃烧过程中ＳＯ２的生成机理以及减少燃煤ＳＯ２污染的途径，并在此基础上，对影响燃煤固硫效益的主要因素－钙硫比，炉内温度，燃烧时间，固硫剂等进行了初步实验研究，确定了钙硫比的最佳值，掌握了固硫的规律，给出了废渣固硫剂的利用原则。     

大气CO_2浓度升高对稻田中小麦秸秆分解的影响

利用在江苏无锡运行的农田开放式空气C O2浓度升高(FA C E)系统平台,研究了FA C E条件对稻田中小麦秸秆分解的影响。结果表明,大气C O2浓度升高对秸秆的分解与土壤中氮肥的施用有关。在常规氮肥施用处理中大气C O2浓度升高显著降低小麦秸秆分解速率,而在高氮施肥处理中FA C E对秸秆分解没有显著影响;在常氮施肥处理中,大气C O2浓度升高显著降低秸秆中含碳物质的分解,而在高氮施肥处理中,大气C O2浓度升高的影响不显著;不论是在高氮还是常氮施肥处理中,大气C O2浓度升高对秸秆中含氮物质的分解没有显著影响;大气C O2浓度升高有增加土壤中脱氢酶活性的趋势。     

小型农业养殖塘上大气湍流特征的观测分析

为明确小型水体上的大气湍流特征和涡度相关系统的适用性,基于2018年安徽省滁州市全椒县官渡村小型农业养殖塘的通量观测数据,分析该地的大气稳定状态、湍流方差相似性、湍流速度谱和协谱、湍流强度及湍流动能的变化特征。结果表明,该小型农业养殖塘上1 d内约21 h大气处于不稳定状态;Monin-Obukhov相似理论适用于该农业养殖塘;三维风速归一化标准差随大气稳定度的变化符合1/3次方规律,不稳定条件下的拟合效果优于稳定条件下,且以垂直方向上拟合效果最佳,温度和湿度的归一化标准差在大气不稳定时符合-1/3次方规律;三维风速的湍流谱在惯性子区中符合-2/3次方关系,垂直风速与标量的协谱在惯性子区中符合-4/3次方规律,涡度相关系统能够观测该小型农业养殖塘上的感热、潜热和CO₂通量;该小型农业养殖塘上的湍流强度随风速衰减的速度快于大型湖泊,风速大于1 m·s^-1时湍流强度趋近于常数,且水平方向上的湍流强度大于垂直方向;该小型农业养殖塘上的湍流动能在中性条件下最大（3.0 m²·s^-2）,且以风切变贡献为主;湍流动能随风速增大而增大,并呈现昼高夜低的变化特征。上述结果可为明确小型水体上的大气湍流特征及小型农业养殖塘与大气之间能量和物质的交换机制奠定一定的理论基础。     

大气CO_2浓度升高对花蜜及传粉昆虫的影响

植物依赖昆虫传授花粉,昆虫从植物获得花粉和花蜜作为食物,两者在漫长的进化过程中形成了密切的互惠共生关系。大量研究表明,CO2浓度升高对植物花蜜的产量和组成有显著的影响。CO2浓度增加后,有花植物花蜜的产量和组分在不同物种之间的变化差异很大,即使是种内不同基因型植株的花蜜对CO2浓度增加的反应也有所不同。大部分种类花蜜的产量会增加,也有些种类会减少。花蜜中糖类、氨基酸、次生代谢物质等的含量会有不同的改变,但花蜜的主要组分基本不发生变化。CO2浓度升高对访花昆虫的影响主要通过植物间接作用于昆虫。CO2浓度增加引起物候的改变以及花蜜总量、质量、次生代谢物的改变对传粉昆虫的能量分配、繁殖、寿命和访花行为产生了重要的影响。本文综述了国内外相关研究进展,并分析了未来研究趋势及其存在的问题。     

Acidic deposition,ecosystem processes,and nitrogen saturation in a high elevation Southern Appalachian watershed

High-elevation red spruce-Fraser fir forests in the Southern Appalachian mountains: 1) receive among the highest rates of atmospheric deposition measured in North America, 2) contain old-growth forests, 3) have shown declines in forest health, 4) have sustained high insect-caused fir mortality, and 5) contain poorly buffered soils and stream systems. High rates of nitrogen and sulphur deposition (1900 and 2200 Eq·ha^–1·yr^–1, respectively) are dominated by dry and cloud deposition processes. Large leaching fluxes of nitrate-nitrogen (100–1400 Eq·ha^–1·yr^–1) occur within the soil profile. We have expanded the study to the watershed scale with monitoring of: precipitation, throughfall, stream hydrology, and stream chemistry. Two streamlets drain the 17.4 ha Noland Divide Watershed (1676–1920m) located in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. A network of 50 20x20 m plots is being used to assess stand structure, biomass, and soil nutrient pools. Nitrate is the predominant anion in the streamlets (weighted concentrations: 47 and 54 eq·L^–1 NO₃ ^–; 31 and 43 eq·L^–1 SO₄ ^2–). Watershed nitrate export is extremely high (1000 Eq·ha^–1 yr^–1), facilitating significant base cation exports. Stream acid neutralizing capacity values are extremely low (–10 to 20 eq·L^–1) and episodic acidifications (pH declines of a full unit in days or weeks time) occur. Annual streamwater sulfate export is on the order of 770 Eq·ha^–1yr^–1 or about one-third of total annual inputs, indicating there is net watershed sulfate retention. The system is highly nitrogen saturated (Stage 2, Stoddard, 1994) and this condition promotes both chronic and episodic stream acidification.     

C and N in soil organic matter density fractions under elevated atmospheric CO2: Turnover vs. stabilization

Turnover of C and N in an arable soil under Free Air Carbon Dioxide (FACE) experiment was studied by the use of ¹³C natural abundance and ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizers. Wheat was kept four growing seasons under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentrations and fertilized for three growing seasons. Density fractionation of soil organic matter (SOM) allowed to track ¹³C and ¹⁵N in free particulate organic matter (fPOM; <1.6 g cm⁻³), particulate organic matter occluded within aggregates with two densities (oPOM 1.6, oPOM 1.6-2.0 g cm⁻³), and in mineral-associated organic matter (>2.0 g cm⁻³) fractions. Elevated CO₂ and N fertilization did not significantly affect C and N contents in the bulk soil. Calculated mean residence time (MRT) of C and N revealed the qualitative differences of SOM density fractions: (i) the shortest MRT_C and MRT_N in fPOM confirmed high availability of this fraction to decomposition. Larger C/N ratio of fPOM under elevated vs. ambient CO₂ indicated an increasing recalcitrance of FACE-derived plant residues. (ii) There was no difference in MRT of C and N between lighter and heavier oPOMs probably due to short turnover time of soil aggregates which led to oPOM mixing. The increase of MRT_C and MRT_N in both oPOMs during the experiment confirmed the progressive degradation of organic material within aggregates. (iii) Constant turnover rates of C in the mineral fraction neither confirmed nor rejected the assumed stabilization of SOM to take place in the mineral fraction. Moreover, a trend of decreasing of C and N amounts in the Min fraction throughout the experiment was especially pronounced for C under elevated CO₂. Hence, along with the progressive increase of C_FACE in the Min fraction the overall losses of C under elevated CO₂ may occur at the expense of older “pre-FACE” C.     

基于集合经验模态分解的河南省夏玉米产量波动对大气环流的响应

[目的]探究河南省夏玉米产量波动对大气环流的响应,为区域粮食安全保障提供理论支撑。[方法]依托河南省17个市1988—2017年夏玉米产量数据及15种大尺度大气环流指数资料,评估研究区夏玉米产量的时空演变格局。[结果](1)基于主成分分析结果,河南省可以划分为4个呈现不同产量演变特征的子区域,分别为北部、东南部、西部、中部;(2)基于集合经验模态分解,研究区产量序列存在着准2.5～3.3,5～6,7.5～10 a的周期性振荡,且各分区2004年后产量的短期波动趋于缓和;(3)各分区产量的周期性振荡均与环流指数存在着显著的相关性;(4)基于前期环流指数与年份的线性模型对产量预报的平均相对误差为4.6%～9.3%;(5)河南省东南部和中部的产量波动对环流指数更为敏感,其中10,11月份较高的太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)是来年产量减少的关键前兆性信号。[结论]前期环流异常对研究区夏玉米产量波动有着重要的指示作用,它可以有效用于产量预报。     

固体高氧化电位消毒剂对禽舍空气质量的影响

在肉鸡饲养全过程中,用检科Ⅰ号固体高氧化电位消毒剂进行带鸡消毒试验,从24～46日龄,与对照组相比氨气浓度降低了83.2%;试验组喷雾前、喷雾后1 h和喷雾后6h氨气浓度的平均值分别为32.9、17.5和18.4mg/L.试验组鸡舍内空气中的细菌总数显著地少于对照组,喷雾消毒效果可维持6h.检科Ⅰ号消毒剂进行带鸡消毒可显著改善鸡舍内空气的质量.     

VMD-LSTM模型对不同预见期月径流的预测研究

为减小径流时间序列的非线性及非平稳性带来的预测误差,提高多种预见期下的月径流预测精度,将变模态分解（VMD）和长短期记忆神经网络（LSTM）模型相结合,建立了VMD-LSTM组合预测模型,并将大气环流因子作为模型输入的增加项,预测未来1~3个月的月径流。将模型应用于黄河流域上游唐乃亥、民和、享堂、红旗及折桥站的月径流预测以验证模型的适用性,并与VMD-BP（BP神经网络）、VMD-SVR（支持向量回归）及单一LSTM模型相比较。结果表明：VMD-LSTM组合模型的预测误差最小、精度最高,相比单一LSTM模型,其纳什效率系数（NSE）约从0.6~0.7提高到0.9以上;融合大气环流因子后VMD-LSTM模型预测精度进一步提高,NSE保持在0.91~0.96之间;随着预见期的增长,VMD-LSTM模型预测精度衰减较VMD-BP和VMD-SVR模型明显变缓,在3个月预见期时NSE仍能保持在0.84~0.95之间。VMD-LSTM模型是月径流预测的一种有效方法,结果可为研究区月径流预测提供参考。     

Correlations between the behavior of recreational horses,the physiological parameters and summer atmospheric conditions

The aim of this paper was to select atmospheric factors and their values, which may disrupt the correct behavior and physiological condition of recreational horses. The studies were carried out from 1 July until 1 September on 16 Anglo‐Arabian geldings. Each day, from 09.00 to 10.00 hours, the horses worked under saddle. The riders and the authors gave a qualitative behavioral assessment for each horse. Mood and willingness to work were evaluated. The quantitative assessment was called ‘incorrect behavior of the horse while riding’ (IBHR). The percentage time of duration and the number of occurrences of the features while riding were calculated. Heart rate, body temperature and respiratory rate were taken at 08.00 hours (resting measurement) and at 10.05 hours (post‐exercise measurement). Air temperature, relative air humidity, wind speed and atmospheric pressure were measured at 08.00 and 10.00 hours. The results showed that adverse changes in the behavior of recreational horses can occur if the horse is ridden when the air temperature is above 26°C and when wind speeds exceed 5.5 m/s. Such conditions may cause a reduction in the mood and willingness to work in horses. Physiological parameters like heart rate and body temperature seem to be more sensitive indicators of the horse body reaction to the weather than behavioral reactions.