Primary productivity in patches of heterogeneous swards after 12 years of low-intensity cattle grazing

In low-intensity grazing systems, patch grazing leads to a mosaic structure of short (frequently defoliated) and tall (rarely defoliated) patches, with the stocking rate determining the proportion of these patch types on the pasture. Little is known about the long-term effects of patch grazing on the productivity of contrasting sward height patches developed under varying stocking rates. On a 12-year low-intensity cattle pasture we investigated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its seasonal variation in different patch types (‘short’, ‘medium’ and ‘tall’) under three stocking rates (‘moderate’, ‘lenient’ and ‘very lenient’) over two years. Additionally, we determined stocks of soil phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as soil pH. ANPP was affected by an interaction of patch type and stocking rate and ranged from less than 300 g/m² in short patches under very lenient stocking to more than 1,000 g/m² in medium patches under moderate stocking. In contrast with observations at the start of the experiment, ANPP in short patches was similar to or less than that in medium and tall patches. As topsoil phosphorus and potassium stocks were lowest in short patches, this indicates a long-term redistribution of nutrients by grazing animals, which limits short-patch productivity. Productivity of medium patches increased with stocking rate, and soil potassium concentration showed a similar trend, pointing towards enhanced nutrient cycling under more intensive stocking. We conclude that nutrient redistribution may lead to increasing trade-offs between ecological and agronomic aims in long-term low-intensity grazing systems.     

Soluble Klotho protein suppresses THP-1-derived foam cell formation

AIMTo investigate the role of soluble Klotho protein in THP-1-derived foam cell formation. METHODSTHP-1 monocytes were induced into macrophages by treatment with 160 nmol/L phorbol myristate acetate for 48 h, and then were divided into 6 groups: negative control group (THP-1-derived macrophages), positive control group [THP-1-derived foam cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) for 48 h], and 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/L soluble Klotho protein groups (THP-1-derived macrophages pretreated with soluble Klotho protein at the indicat?ed concentraions for 2 h and then induced by ox-LDL for 48 h). Lipid droplets in cytoplasm were observed by oil red O staining. The cholesterol outflow rate was detected by scintillation counting technique. The content of intracellular total cholesterol, free cholesterol and cholesterol ester was detected by enzyme fluorescence analysis. The expression of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 （ACAT1） and ATP-binding cassette transport?er A1 (ABCA1) at mRNA and protein levels was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTSOil red O staining and lipid mass quantification showed that THP-1-derived foam cell formation was dose-dependently suppressed by soluble Klotho protein. The cholesterol efflux rate of THP-1-derived foam cells was increased by soluble Klotho protein in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). In addition, soluble Klotho protein decreased the expression of ACAT1 and increased the expression of ABCA1 in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The soluble Klotho protein inhibits THP-1-derived foam cell formation in a dose-dependent manner by down-regulating the expression of ACAT1 and up-regulating the expression of ABCA1.     

干旱区平原水库坝后排水沟对下游农田土壤水盐运移的影响

干旱区平原水库的渗漏会抬高坝后农田地下水位,使土壤发生盐渍化,许多土地因此减产甚至弃耕。坝后设置排水沟是一种有效控制农田地下水位的措施。本研究采用排水沟调控坝后农田的地下水位,并利用HYDRUS模拟出在不同地下水位和深度的条件下土壤含水率与含盐量的变化情况,将实测数据与模拟数据相互对比,检验出模拟值的可靠度。研究结果表明:地下水位通过排水沟从1 m降到3 m,表层含盐量相差1.49～33.19 g·L~(-1),因此排水沟遏制地下水位越深,水盐运移越不明显,次生盐渍化越不容易发生,反之,则容易发生土壤盐渍化;地下水位相同时,土体种植植物可以降低含水率和含盐量,其中含水率最大变化为6.33%,含盐量仅相差0.08～4.56 g·L~(-1)左右,而且随着土层深度增加其影响的程度也逐渐减小。设置排水沟是解决坝后农田土壤盐渍化的较好方式。     

AMF促进植物吸收矿质元素的生理机制及对土壤硫素的影响

由于人口不断增长,人们要快速得到高产高质粮食的要求迫切,大量使用化肥,导致了有害物质残留,土壤或水污染,土壤板结或某些营养元素相对匮乏等一系列环境问题。丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)是土壤内常见的共生结构,由AM真菌(AMF)与土壤根系形成。已有研究表明其可通过分泌代谢物,增大根系与土壤接触面积,调节某些土壤元素存在形式等多种途径,影响植物对土壤元素的吸收转运。硫是维持植物生长发育的必需元素之一,可由于植物对S的需要并不如N,P,K大量,现代农业在对土壤进行施肥过程中往往将其忽略,因此土壤缺S正逐渐成为中国农业发展的限制因素。为了解决以上问题,本文将主要对AMF影响植物吸收土壤元素的途径及生理机制进行总结分析。并根据其作用方式特点进一步分析AM共生对植物吸收转运硫素的影响,指出AMF作为生物化肥的可行性,以期为解决现代化肥的替代问题以及土壤缺硫问题提供新的思路。     

肥液浓度对膜孔入渗水分运移特性的影响

通过清水与不同肥液浓度的膜孔单点源室内入渗试验,研究了不同浓度的肥液膜孔入渗量、湿润锋运移距离及土壤含水量分布。揭示了土壤膜孔入渗量和湿润锋运移距离随肥液浓度的增加而增大的规律;建立了不同肥液浓度膜孔入渗量和湿润锋运移经验模型;提出了由清水入渗参数、湿润锋运移参数和肥液浓度分别推求膜孔入渗量和湿润锋运移距离的理论模型,经实测资料验证表明,模型精度较高;随肥液浓度的增大,湿润锋运移距离越大,相同深度处的土壤含水量也增大。研究成果为进一步进行膜孔灌溉技术研究奠定了科学基础。     

带悬板排沙漏斗三维流场测试

本文首次利用激光多普勒测速仪（ＬＤＡ）测试了排沙漏斗的三维螺旋流流场，并对其时均流特性及紊动特性进行了分析。     

“玉露”桃的采后生理及其贮运技术研究

以七八成熟的“玉露”桃果实为试材，研究其采后生理的变化及与之适应的贮运技术．试验结果表明：①“玉露”桃果实采后常温下后熟衰老进程很快，果实组织中的ＳＯＤ活性急剧下降，果实迅速软化，采后第３天出现乙烯释放高峰，随之果实即达完熟；②３℃贮藏果实，可维持较高的ＳＯＤ活性，减缓果实软化，减少乙烯释放量并推迟其峰值的出现；③经３℃预冷１－３天后的果实，置于常温下仍能正常后熟并不影响其品质，且后熟进程得以推迟，从而为“玉露”桃的短期低温集结与批量外运提供了技术依据；④采用内有隔板瓦楞纸箱加聚乙烯发泡网套果包装，与传统的竹箩包装相比较，可明显减少运输过程的振动损伤，使果实商品率增加，腐烂率减少，货架寿命延长．     

非饱和土壤溶质运移数值模拟的初步研究

应用有限差分法对非饱和土壤中一维溶质运移模型数值求解，模拟了土壤水分运动和溶质运移的动态过程。以实测数据验证了模拟结果的合理性与有效性。为保证数值模拟正确进行，给出确定离散步长ｄｘ和ｄｔ的三个准则。     

基于水肥一体化条件下化肥减量对春小麦的影响

【目的】研究水肥一体化条件下化肥减量对春小麦的影响,为新疆塔额盆地春小麦化肥减量提供理论基础。【方法】以春小麦品种宁春16号为材料,设置5个处理,其中1个空白对照A(N₀P₀K₀)1个农户处理E(N₂₄₀P₁₀₅K_37.5)和3个对氮肥、磷肥的减量处理B(N₁₂₀P_52.5K_37.5)、C(N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5)、D(N₂₄₀P_52.5K_37.5)的田间试验,对照处理为A、农户E处理,分析在水肥一体化条件下的不同化肥减量对春小麦农艺性状、叶面积指数、产量构成、干物质积累与转运、农学效率的影响。【结果】处理C施肥量下,在开花期LAI达到7.14,显著高于对照A、E处理,花前转运量、转运率及物质转运对籽粒的贡献率在C处理达到最高,花后干物质积累量对产量的贡献率达到75.29％。处理C比其它处理提高了5％~24％;氮肥减少50％、磷肥不变C处理时产量达到最高为7 964.84 kg/hm²,较对照显著提高,比其他减肥模式产量提高了4.52％~24.09％。【结论】小麦处理C模式下表现最优,在小麦生产过程中合理的减量施氮可以获得高产;C(N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5)处理的化肥减量模式更适合新疆种植春小麦。     

城市常规公交客运能力评价体系研究

针对城市常规公交客运的实际状况,科学合理地进行指标的初定、筛选、定性与定量的综合分析等,并结合主成份分析与AHP法建立一套准确实用的多指标评价体系。以哈尔滨市为例,对评价指标进行权重计算,应用模糊综合评价法实施具体评价,实现城市常规客运能力评价体系的科学建立与应用。