粉煤灰和硅粉对水泥注浆材料可注性的试验研究

 通过在水泥中分别掺入50%的FAⅠ和50%的FAⅡ,水胶比采用0.6,0.8,1.0,2.0;掺入15%的SF,水胶比采用1.0,2.0,3.0,用细骨料和黏土的拌和物作为模拟介质进行注浆试验,研究了掺入粉煤灰或硅粉后水泥注浆材料的可注性。结果表明：掺入粉煤灰或硅粉后,浆液具有颗粒细,利于微细裂隙的充填扩散,可注性好等特点,同时改善了纯水泥浆液的稳定性、减小了固化注浆体的收缩变形。试验给出了FAⅠ和FAⅡ在50%掺量下的合理水胶比范围为0.8-1.0,SF在50%掺量下的合理水胶比范围为1.0-2.0,对实际工程利用粉煤灰或硅粉水泥注浆材料时配合比的设计有一定的参考价值。     

刈割后氮肥施用对饲料油菜地上部产量及品质的影响

为进一步在湖北地区冬闲田推广饲料油菜(Brassica campestris)的种植,以饲料油菜1315为试验材料,在湖北省冬闲田研究刈割后氮肥施用对饲料油菜地上部产量及品质的影响。结果表明,第1次刈割后,施用氮肥能显著增加饲料油菜地上部产量(P0.05),与不施氮肥处理(N_0)相比,施用17.25kg·hm~(-2)(N_1)和34.5kg·hm~(-2)(N_2)饲料油菜干草产量分别增加了50.0%和75.0%,粗灰分产量分别提高了45.7%和53.2%,粗纤维产量分别提高了50.7%和90.4%,粗蛋白产量分别提高了84.5%和159.3%,粗脂肪产量分别提高了53.9%和83.8%,可溶性糖产量分别提高了64.7%和68.5%,提升了饲料油菜的生产水平。综合考虑,在湖北地区冬闲田种植饲料油菜,为了提高油菜产量和品质,建议在第1次刈割后追施30kg·hm~(-2)。     

不同污泥的复混基质性质及对牧草生长的影响

为研究生污泥、腐熟污泥和冻融污泥三种污泥在煤矸石山复垦中的应用效果,将污泥与粉煤灰、煤矸石和土壤按一定比例混配成复混基质并划分种植小区,种植黄花草木樨(Melilotus officinalis)、沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens Pall.)和敖汉苜蓿(Medicago sativa cv.‘Aohan’)三种豆科牧草,对基质的理化性质、重金属元素含量和牧草的田间出苗率、株高、根长和根冠比进行测定分析。结果表明,添加生污泥和腐熟污泥的复混基质A1、A2、B1和B2在基质理化性质、重金属含量和对牧草生长影响方面均表现良好,其中添加腐熟污泥的无土基质B2(腐熟污泥、粉煤灰和煤矸石的质量配比为30∶10∶60)最好;考虑到污泥腐熟和客土运输的成本,添加生污泥的无土基质B1(生污泥、粉煤灰和煤矸石的质量配比为30∶10∶60)可作为煤矸石山复垦的最优选择。     

Influence of phytate level on broiler performance and the efficacy of 2 microbial phytases from 0 to 21 days of age

Phytate is an antinutrient in animal feeds, reducing the availability and increasing the excretion of nutrients. Phytases are widely used to mitigate the negative influences of phytate. This trial was designed to compare the efficacy of 2 Escherichia coli-derived phytases on broiler performance and bone ash as influenced by dietary phytate level. A total of 1,024 Arbor Acres male broilers were used with 8 replicate pens of 16 birds/pen. Experimental diets were based on low available phosphorus (avP; 1.8 g/kg) with low (6.40 g/kg) or high (10.65 g/kg) phytate. The low-avP diets were then supplemented with mono-dicalcium phosphate to increase the avP level to 4.5 g/kg, 500 phytase units/kg of phytase A, or 500 phytase units/kg of phytase B to create 8 experimental diets. Feed intake, BW gain, FCR, and livability were influenced by a P source × phytase interaction. Feed intake, BW gain, and livability were reduced and FCR was higher in broilers fed low-avP diets, particularly in the presence of high phytate. Phytase A or phytase B improved feed intake, BW gain, and FCR, particularly in the high-phytate diet. However, broilers fed phytase A ate more and were heavier than broilers fed phytase B. Tibia ash was lowest in broilers fed the low-avP diet and highest in broilers fed the diet supplemented with mono-dicalcium phosphate. Phytase increased tibia ash, and broilers fed phytase A had an increase in tibia ash compared with broilers fed phytase B. In conclusion, high dietary phytate reduced broiler performance. Phytase A and phytase B improved bone ash and growth performance, especially in the high-phytate diets. However, phytase A was more efficacious than phytase B, regardless of the level of phytate.     

危害白蜡树的云斑白条天牛种群空间格局及抽样技术

云斑白条天牛在黄河三角洲地区严重危害白蜡树,本研究应用聚集指标法、Taylor幂法则、Iwao m*-m回归分析法,对危害白蜡云斑白条天牛种群卵、幼虫、成虫的空间分布型和抽样技术进行了研究。结果表明:危害白蜡云斑白条天牛种群的卵、幼虫、成虫均呈聚集分布,其聚集性随密度的增加而增大。运用Iwao m*-m回归中的两个参数α和β值,建立了在不同精度下以刻槽、排粪孔和羽化孔为防治指标时的理论抽样数公式及序贯抽样数公式,计算出了抽样调查时的理论抽样数据表及序贯抽样数据表,在生产实践中可根据实际需要查询表中数据确定调查样本数。     

CO2气氛耦合粉煤灰催化生物质热解生油特性分析

针对生物质热解生物油中可利用组分富集程度低的问题,该研究以不同颗粒尺寸的玉米秸秆为研究对象,通过固定床热解设备开展了CO2气氛下粉煤灰与秸秆共热解试验,分析粉煤灰对秸秆热解产物分布的影响规律,并重点研究CO2耦合粉煤灰对液相产物中含氧化合物组分的作用机制.结果表明,当颗粒尺寸为0.17～0.21 mm时,生物油产率最大...     

烟秆制活性炭的工艺研究

以烟秆为原料,经炭化后用水蒸气活化制备活性炭。系统考察了影响活性炭质量的工艺条件。实验结果表明:以烟秆为原料,水蒸气为活化剂,在较温和的条件(活化温度750~800℃,水-炭质量比1.5~2.0∶1.0)下可制取碘吸附值840~912 mg/g、BET比表面积为522~590 m2/g的活性炭;对烟秆炭化料活化有较大影响的因素是活化温度和活化剂用量,而炭化温度和升温速度对烟秆炭化料活化的影响较小,可采用流化床反应器一步法工艺制廉价粉状普通活性炭;烟秆原料中的灰分对活化反应过程有一定的催化作用。采用先水蒸气活化再用稀盐酸脱灰处理的工艺,可有效利用烟秆灰分的催化作用提高产品的吸附性能,同时使产品的灰分达到标准要求。     

6个树龄栓皮栎热值与碳含量的分析

对6个树龄栓皮栎不同器官的热值和碳含量进行了分析研究。结果表明:6个树龄栓皮栎叶、皮的干重热值均与树龄呈正相关,枝、干的干重热值均与树龄呈显著负相关;叶、皮的去灰分热值均与树龄呈极显著正相关,枝、干的去灰分热值均与树龄呈不显著正相关。不同器官的干重热值和去灰分热值总体上均表现为皮叶枝干。不同器官的干重热值、去灰分热值之间均具有极显著差异(P0.01)。皮的碳含量与树龄呈不显著正相关;叶的碳含量与树龄呈显著正相关;枝、干的碳含量与树龄呈不显著负相关。不同器官的碳含量总体上表现为皮叶干枝。整体上热值与碳含量呈显著正相关。     

Translocation of 13C-labeled leaf or root litter carbon of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) during decomposition – A laboratory incubation experiment

The aim was to quantify medium term litter type and litter mixture effects on the translocation and transformation dynamics of root and leaf litter C during decomposition. Partitioning of ¹³C-labeled root or leaf litter C (beech – Fagus sylvatica L., ash – Fraxinus excelsior L.) to CO₂, water-extractable organic C (WEOC), microbial biomass C (C_MB) and light (LF) and heavy soil fraction (HF) was determined in a laboratory decomposition experiment of 206 days. The proportions of C mineralized from ash leaf (34%) and root litter (29%) were higher than those from beech leaf (24%) and root litter (23%). In mixture with beech, the mineralization of ash leaf litter was enhanced. Mineralization was positively correlated with litter-derived WEOC until day 29. Water-extractable organic C declined with time, until <0.1% of litter C remained in this fraction. Litter-C recovery in C_MB was higher for ash (0.7–1.0%) than for beech (0.2–0.4%). The litter C recovery in HF (4–12%) was positively correlated with that in WEOC (days 9 and 29) and C_MB, but did not differ between treatments. Ash leaf litter mineralization showed different behavior in mixed treatments from pure treatments. Thus, the ability to transfer results from pure to mixed treatments is limited. The litter differed in chemical composition and in mineralization dynamics, but differences in partitioning to HF, WEOC and MB were finally of minor importance.     

贵州喀斯特山区花椒林小生境类型与土壤环境因子的关系

以贵州西南部典型喀斯特山区花椒林下不同小生境类型为研究对象,系统地研究了小生境类别与土壤环境因子的对应关系,结果表明：与一般土壤相比,石坑和石沟小生境土壤有机碳、活性有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和基质底物诱导呼吸量增加明显,并体现出良好的正向累积效应,而石洞、石缝和石槽则相反;土壤活性有机碳占总有机碳比例变幅范围在12．61％-15．73％之间,以石槽最高,石沟次之,一般土壤最低;不同小生境类型下,土壤团聚体均以大团聚体为主,〈0．25mm粒级团聚体含量极为低下,不足5％。通径分析结果显示,影响基质诱导呼吸作用最重要的因素是土壤有机碳含量,土壤活性有机碳含量次之,其通径系数分别可达1．530和0．869。总体上,花椒林下小生境可划分沟坑型、一般土及槽缝型三类,与槽缝型相比,沟坑型生境类型土壤有机碳、底物诱导呼吸、全氮、碱解氮、活性有机碳分别可高出73．38％、110．26％、37．01％、44．44％和59．73％。沟坑型小生境对喀斯特山区生态恢复及农业生产的可持续发展具有一定现实意义。