Nitrogen fertilization,irrigation, and harvest times affect biomass and energy value of Helianthus tuberosus L.

This study aimed to determine the effects of delayed harvest, irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on yield and fuel quality of the Jerusalem artichoke (JA) (Helianthus tuberosus L.). The biomass, calorific value, ash content and total calories per hectare of the Jerusalem artichoke were assessed in Inner Mongolia, China, at various harvest times, after irrigation and nitrogen application. The results showed that fresh and dry weights of tubers and underground biomass were higher when harvested after freezing; the dry yields of leaves and stems decreased with harvest time. In addition, irrigation significantly enhanced the yields of underground biomass, aboveground biomass and tubers, compared with non-irrigation conditions (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the highest yield was obtained with irrigation and treatment with nitrogenous fertilizers (20 to 50 kg ha^?1). The calorific values of tubers and roots were significantly higher for samples harvested after freezing (p < 0.05); the calorific values of leaves and stems significantly decreased with harvest time and without irrigation (p < 0.05). The calorific values of stems and leaves were higher than those of tubers and roots, when JA was harvested before freezing, and the opposite trend was obtained for harvest done after freezing. The highest calories per hectare was obtained in WN2 (585247.42 MJ ha^?1) on 30 September 2010 harvest. No correlation was found between the effects of water or nitrogenous fertilizers and ash content. However, the ash contents of stems, leafs, tubers and roots were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with harvest time. Finally, in all treatment conditions, leaves produced the highest ash amounts among all plant parts, including stems, tubers, leaves and roots.     

水热-微波软化处理对水曲柳弯曲的影响

采用水热-微波处理方法对水曲柳幼龄材和成熟材进行软化处理,通过顺纹压缩率、单维和多维弯曲最小曲率半径表征木材软化效果。以XRD,FTIR等方法测定木材表面组成、结晶度变化,分析软化处理对木材顺纹压缩和弯曲曲率的影响。结果表明:水热-微波处理可显著增强木材的软化性能,使木材表面羟基数量显著增加,非结晶区微纤丝趋于有序,相对结晶度提高,结晶区表面微纤丝羟基裸露,氢键键合增强,结晶区宽度增加。当水煮处理时间为140～150min、微波处理时间为350s时,试材顺纹压缩率最大,单维和多维弯曲时的曲率半径最小。     

敦化产朝鲜淫羊藿总灰分及醇溶性浸出物含量分析

对敦化产8种野生类型朝鲜淫羊藿总灰分及醇溶性浸出物含量进行检测。结果表明:8种类型间总灰分为5.91%～6.77%,醇溶性浸出物为22.89%～28.12%。各类型间总灰分和醇溶性浸出物均有差异,总灰分差异较小,而醇溶性浸出物差异较大。综合总灰分和醇溶性浸出物含量的结果可看出,边缘红色类型为敦化产野生朝鲜淫羊藿的优良种质类型。     

黄带虎天牛的生物学特性

黄带虎天牛（Ｃａｌｌｏｉｄｅｓｍａｇｎｉｆｉｃｕｓ（Ｐｉｃ）是危害花椒树的主要钻蛀性害虫。幼虫蛀食１０ａ生左右大龄树的主干和侧枝，该虫１ａ发生１代，以３，４龄幼虫的花椒树皮下越冬，成虫羽化高峰在６月下旬。本文较详细的记述了这种害虫的形态、生活史、寄主、习性及防治方法。     

不同污泥的复混基质性质及对牧草生长的影响

为研究生污泥、腐熟污泥和冻融污泥三种污泥在煤矸石山复垦中的应用效果,将污泥与粉煤灰、煤矸石和土壤按一定比例混配成复混基质并划分种植小区,种植黄花草木樨(Melilotus officinalis)、沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens Pall.)和敖汉苜蓿(Medicago sativa cv.‘Aohan’)三种豆科牧草,对基质的理化性质、重金属元素含量和牧草的田间出苗率、株高、根长和根冠比进行测定分析。结果表明,添加生污泥和腐熟污泥的复混基质A1、A2、B1和B2在基质理化性质、重金属含量和对牧草生长影响方面均表现良好,其中添加腐熟污泥的无土基质B2(腐熟污泥、粉煤灰和煤矸石的质量配比为30∶10∶60)最好;考虑到污泥腐熟和客土运输的成本,添加生污泥的无土基质B1(生污泥、粉煤灰和煤矸石的质量配比为30∶10∶60)可作为煤矸石山复垦的最优选择。     

米糠灰主要营养成分及其对油茶嫁接苗成活和生长的影响

[目的]测定分析米糠灰主要营养成分及其对油茶嫁接苗成活和生长的影响,寻求和开发低成本、高养分的生物有机肥原料.[方法]在测定米糠灰所含主要营养成分的基础上,调查施用米糠灰对2个油茶优良无性系嫁接成活和幼林生长的影响.[结果]米糠灰中有机质、淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪含量分别为349.0、295.2、65.8和5.0 g/kg;长林4号和40号油茶优良无性系育苗基质添加米糠灰后,嫁接成活率分别达到92.5％和91.0％,显著高于未施肥水平;施入米糠灰后油茶幼林株高、地径和冠幅均显著高于对照,不同坡位条件下油茶幼林施肥生长效应不同.[结论]米糠灰可作为优质的有机肥在油茶育苗和幼林培育中应用.     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中Pb、Cd、Zn去除工艺研究

[目的]研究HCl和Na2EDTA对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中Pb、Cd和Zn的浸洗效果及工艺.[方法]针对海口市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰,研究HCl和Na2EDTA两种不同浸洗剂对飞灰中重金属的浸洗效果,并对浸洗前后飞灰中重金属形态的变化进行了分析.[结果]HCl对3种重金属都有较好的浸洗效果,去除效果为Cd ＞Zn ＞Pb.Na2EDTA对Pb和Cd的浸洗效果较好,对Zn的去除率远低于其他2种重金属.HCl对飞灰浸洗的适宜条件:室温下浓度为0.8 mol/L,液固比为10,淋洗时间为180 min.Na2EDTA对飞灰浸洗的适宜条件:室温下浓度为0.05 mol/L,液固比为15,淋洗时间为360 min.浸洗后飞灰中3种重金属可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的比例减小,残渣态的比例显著增大,飞灰的稳定性增加.[结论]该研究可为飞灰的处理处置及资源化利用提供科学依据.     

生物质颗粒燃烧器燃料适应性试验

为深入研究生物质颗粒燃料的燃烧特性,探讨自动燃烧器的燃料适应性,该文基于PB-20型生物质颗粒燃烧器,选择了5种灰分小于25%(空气干燥基)的颗粒燃料,分别研究了燃烧工况中进料量和空气量对燃烧性能的影响。试验结果表明灰分含量大于20%的颗粒燃料燃烧不充分,工况不稳定,效率低,结渣大,易熄火,不适用于此类生物质颗粒燃烧器;灰分含量为12.40%的颗粒燃料推荐参数为进料量4 kg/h,风机转速2 600~2 800 r/min,清渣速度为3 r/min,转5 s/停35 s;灰分在7.21%的颗粒燃料推荐控制参数为进料量3~4 kg/h,风机转速2 600~2 800 r/min,清渣速度相对应为3 r/min,转5 s/停60~55 s;灰分值低于1%的颗粒燃料均以进料量3~4 kg/h,风机转速2 600~2 800 r/min,不需清渣为推荐参数。该研究总结了生物质颗粒燃烧器的燃料适用控制参数,为燃烧器的推广应用提供了数据支持。