裸子植物体细胞胚胎发生和人工种子的研究

该文介绍了一种作为森林种子的大规模增值的有效方法－－裸子植物体细胞胚胎发生和人工种子的研制。其内容包括：（１）胚性愈伤组织的诱导与保存；（２）影响体胚发生的因素；（３）体胚的发育与成熟；（４）大规模培养体胚；（５）成熟体胚的干化、包理与人工种子生产；（６）体胚的萌发和转换。最后对人工种子的应用前景进行了讨论。     

Reduction of soil heavy metal bioavailability by nanoparticles and cellulosic wastes improved the biomass of tree seedlings

The purpose of this study was to use zero‐valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) and cellulosic wastes to reduce bioavailability of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), and to establish Persian maple seedlings (Acer velutinum Bioss.) in contaminated soil. One‐year‐old seedlings were planted in pots filled with unpolluted soil. Lead [Pb(NO₃)₂] and Cd [Cd(NO₃)₂] were added with concentrations of 0 (Control), 100 (Pb100), 200 (Pb200), and 300 (Pb300) mg kg⁻¹ and 10 (Cd10), 20 (Cd20), and 30 (Cd30) mg kg⁻¹. Cellulosic wastes were mixed with soil at the same time of planting [four levels: 0, 10 (W1), 20 (W2), 30 (W3) g 100 g⁻¹ soil]. The nZVI was prepared by reducing Fe³⁺ to Fe⁰ and injected to pots [four levels: 0, 1 (N1), 2 (N2), and 3 (N3) mg kg⁻¹]. Height, diameter, biomass, tolerance index of seedlings, bioavailability of heavy metals in soil, and removal efficiency of amendments were measured. The highest values of seedling characteristics were observed in N3. The highest removal efficiency of Pb (Pb100: 81.95%, Pb200: 75.5%, Pb300: 69.9%) and Cd (Cd10: 92%, Cd20: 73.7%, Cd30: 68.5%) was also observed in N3. The use of nZVI and cellulosic waste could be a proper approach for seedling establishment in forests contaminated with heavy metals.     

发展沟道人工湿地 改善基岩产沙区生态

随着沟道坝系工程建设的开展 ,黄土高原基岩产沙区出现了一些沟道湿地迹象。发展沟道人工湿地对于改善区域农业生态环境、增加生物群落、净化环境和水源等具有重要意义。鉴别和确认湿地的类属有利于湿地的研究、利用、保护和发展。依据我国湿地的定义、界定条件及类型等 ,对黄土高原基岩产沙区沟道治理形成的湿地进行了确认 ,并指出了其发展前景     

黄土丘陵区不同林地土壤水分动态变化

研究黄土丘陵区不同林地的土壤水分变化,对于改善黄土高原生态环境建设有着重要的意义。采用定点监测的方法,对陕西省吴起县不同林地土壤水分动态变化进行了研究。结果表明:不同林地在生长季中土壤蓄水量具有显著差异,其顺序为:沙棘林>河北杨林>油松林>山杏林;林地的土壤蓄水量变化具有明显的季节性,根据生长季内土壤蓄水量的变化,可以将土壤水分变化分为3个时期:土壤水分恢复期、土壤水分消耗期、土壤水分补充期;各林地0-200 cm土层土壤水分变异系数从小到大为:山杏林>河北杨林>沙棘林>油松林;在雨水入渗、蒸发、蒸散的共同作用下山杏林地在0-60 cm土层含水量的变化明显大于其它林地。研究结果揭示了不同林种对土壤水分消耗和补给的影响,为当地造林结构配置和植被恢复与重建工作提供一定参考依据。     

陕北黄土高原小流域土壤有效铜分布特征

对黄土丘陵沟壑区不同密度的刺槐林、榆树林、油松林、侧柏林、油松刺槐混交林等林下草本层物种组成及多样性进行了研究,目的是为人工林生态功能恢复评价和植被建设提供理论依据。研究结果表明,该区林下草本植物共有36种,多以阳性植物为主;由于林分树种组成和密度不同,林下草本物种差异较大;林下植被演替大多处于植被演替初级阶段,针阔混交林在物种数量和建种群落上表现最好,其次是油松纯林和刺槐纯林,榆树纯林生境条件最差;无论是丰富度指数还是多样性和均匀度指数,针阔混交林表现最好,其次为刺槐、油松纯林,表现最差的为榆树、侧柏纯林。     

Saccharides of ectomycorrhizal fungal sclerotia as sources of forest soil polysaccharides

ABSTRACT

The neutral monosaccharide composition of forest soils differs from that of non-forest soils suggesting there is an accumulation of microbial saccharides. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can be responsible as the fungi are typical in forest soils. We investigated neutral saccharides of ECM fungal sclerotia to determine what part it might play in the origin of forest soil polysaccarides. Sclerotial grain (SG) was collected from the O, A1 and A2 horizons of a soil of subalpine forest of Mt. Ontake, central Japan. Neutral saccharides in soil and SG were analyzed by two step hydrolysis with sulfuric acid and gas-chromatography of alditol acetate derivatives. Saccharides accounted for 6.0?16% of the SG by carbon content. The SG contained predominantly easily hydrolysable (EH)-glucose, which accounted for 75–85% of the composition depending on grain size and the soil horizon, followed by mannose (7.7?15%), galactose (2.2?4.8%) and non-easily hydrolysable (NEH)-glucose (1.7?6.1%). The SG contained all of these sugars irrespective of its size. The SG collected from the A1 and A2 horizons contained all sugar components found in that from the O horizon, except for fucose in that from A2 horizon. The monosaccharide composition of SG indicates that accumulation of ECM fungal sclerotial polysaccharides might have been responsible for enlarging the molar ratios of (galactose + mannose) /(arabinose + xylose) and EH-glucose/NEH-glucose of forest soils. The proportions of SG saccharides relative to soil saccharides were 3.6, 1.2, and 0.83% for the O, A1 and A2 horizons, respectively. These levels of the proportion are considerable as ECM fugal sclerotia are the products of a limited species among hundreds and thousands of microbial species inhabiting forest soils. The sclerotia forming ECM fungal species such as Cenococcum geophilum may be key sources of forest soil polysaccharides.     

Short‐term response of the Ca cycle of a montane forest in Ecuador to low experimental CaCl2 additions

The tropical montane forests of the E Andean cordillera in Ecuador receive episodic Sahara‐dust inputs particularly increasing Ca deposition. We added CaCl₂ to isolate the effect of Ca deposition by Sahara dust to tropical montane forest from the simultaneously occurring pH effect. We examined components of the Ca cycle at four control plots and four plots with added Ca (2 × 5 kg ha^–1 Ca annually as CaCl₂) in a random arrangement. Between August 2007 and December 2009 (four applications of Ca), we determined Ca concentrations and fluxes in litter leachate, mineral soil solution (0.15 and 0.30 m depths), throughfall, and fine litterfall and Al concentrations and speciation in soil solutions. After 1 y of Ca addition, we assessed fine‐root biomass, leaf area, and tree growth. Only < 3% of the applied Ca leached below the acid organic layer (pH 3.5–4.8). The added CaCl₂ did not change electrical conductivity in the root zone after 2 y. In the second year of fertilization, Ca retention in the canopy of the Ca treatment tended to decrease relative to the control. After 2 y, 21% of the applied Ca was recycled to soil with throughfall and litterfall. One year after the first Ca addition, fine‐root biomass had decreased significantly. Decreasing fine‐root biomass might be attributed to a direct or an indirect beneficial effect of Ca on the soil decomposer community. Because of almost complete association of Al with dissolved organic matter and high free Ca²⁺ : Al³⁺ activity ratios in solution of all plots, Al toxicity was unlikely. We conclude that the added Ca was retained in the system and had beneficial effects on some plants.     

基于RS和GIS的川西天然林保护区土壤侵蚀动态研究

利用1989,1999年的TM和2007年SPOT5遥感影像,运用RS和GIS技术对四川省甘孜州道孚县甲斯孔林场土壤侵蚀状况进行了动态监测研究。结果表明,天然林保护工程实施前(1989-1999年),研究区轻度侵蚀区和强度侵蚀区面积不断增加,说明土壤状况整体上处于恶化趋势;实施天然林保护工程后(1998-2007年),强度侵蚀区面积下降,中度侵蚀区面积上升,表明水土保持状况趋于好转,土壤状况恶化趋势得到反转,但改善幅度不够明显。天然林保护工程在促进植被恢复和提高水土保持功能等方面有着积极的作用。     

武夷山风景区不同林地类型土壤水分物理性质及土壤水库特性

对武夷山风景区6种林地类型的土壤容重、孔隙度、持水量及土壤水库容等性能进行了研究,结果表明,（1）0—60 cm土层土壤容重为杉木林〉马尾松林〉灌木林〉针阔混交林〉竹林〉常绿阔叶林。（2）6种林地土壤总孔隙度和最大持水量为常绿阔叶林〉竹林〉针阔混交林〉灌木林〉马尾松林〉杉木林;毛管孔隙度和田间持水量为竹林〉常绿阔叶林〉针阔混交林〉灌木林〉马尾松林〉杉木林;非毛管孔隙度为常绿阔叶林〉针阔混交林〉灌木林〉马尾松林〉杉木林〉竹林;毛管持水量为竹林〉常绿阔叶林〉灌木林〉针阔混交林〉马尾松林〉杉木林。（3）在0—60 cm土层内,常绿阔叶林和竹林的土壤总库容最大,针阔混交林、灌木林、马尾松林次之,杉木林的最小。竹林的储水库容最大,而通透库容最小。在相同的立地条件下,常绿阔叶林的土壤特性优于其它林分,最有利于涵养水源。