昆虫人工卵制卵机的研究

本文报道一种结构比较简单的昆虫人工卵制卵机,设计原理与同类其它制卵机不同。用本机制卵,成卵率平均为86％,卵粒外径约564微米,卵壳厚度约17微米。每小时可制人工卵2公斤。用切片石蜡为卵外壳、蛋白质水解物等为内含物制成的人工卵,饲养中华草蛉和大草蛉,成茧率可达97％,与用米蛾卵饲养的结果无明显差异。     

云水资源的生态和环境功探讨及其应用

为探讨云水资源优化配置的理论依据,文章以二元水循环规律为理论基础,通过对空中水、地表水、土壤水和地下水四水转化的关系和着陆后云水资源存在形式的分析,提出生态和环境功的概念并给出云水资源生态和环境功的计算模型,来描述云水资源的生态环境利用效率。以研究区为例进行应用研究,在雨季末期人工降水20mm时,用此模型计算了研究区三个子区域生态和环境功。应用得到两点主要结论:1)云水资源生态和环境功以地表径流水量生态和环境功为主。2)受水区得到云水资源转化的土壤水和地下水水量受到其初始土壤含水率和初始地下水位限制。应用结果表明云水资源生态和环境功模型函数可以作为云水资源优化配置的理论依据。     

Cf-2/Rcr3pim番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗性测定

Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄不仅能够抵御番茄叶霉菌的侵染,而且对马铃薯金线虫的寄生也有一定的抑制效果。为挖掘根结线虫的新抗性资源,本研究采用室内人工接种法测定了Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)、Cf-2/Rcr3-3和Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗感性。抗性评价结果显示,Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)品系对南方根结线虫表现高感,Cf-2/Rcr3-3品系为中感,而Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)品系则为感病。与Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)和Cf-2/Rcr3-3基因型相比,Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系虽然对南方根结线虫侵染的敏感性略低,但是不能阻止线虫在根系上的大量繁殖,不适于根结线虫的防控应用。     

利文斯顿雏菊育性初探

通过传统的人工自交和杂交对利文斯顿雏菊的6个色系进行研究,分析其花粉生活力、自交不亲和性、杂交结实率,对利文斯顿雏菊的育性做一个初步的推测。结果表明:利文斯顿雏菊花粉的最佳培养基是250 g/L蔗糖+0.03 g/L硼酸;花粉活力的比较准确的染色法为I2-IK染色法;6个色系中,橙黄色系的花粉生活力最强;6个色系的雏菊基本为自交不亲和;橙色系和西瓜红色系在杂交中适合作父本,而玫红色系则适合作母本。     

Challenges facing arthropod biological control: identifying traits for genetic improvement of predators in protected crops

Biological control is an efficient pest control method but there are still limitations that are hindering its wider adoption. Genetic improvement of biological control agents (BCAs) can help to overcome these constraints, but the choice of key attributes for better performance that need to be selected is still an open question. Several characteristics have been suggested but the harsh reality is that selective breeding of BCAs has received a lot of attention but resulted in very little progress. Identifying the appropriate traits to be prioritized may be the first step to reverse this situation. In our opinion, the best way is to look at the factors limiting the performance of key BCAs, especially generalist predators (pesticide compatibility, prey‐density dependence, non‐suitable crops, and extreme environmental conditions), and according to these challenges, to choose the attributes that would allow BCAs to overcome those limitations. The benefits of selection for higher resistance to toxins, whether artificially applied (pesticides) or plant produced (plant defenses); increased fitness when feeding on non‐prey food (supplemented or plant‐derived); and better adaptation to extreme temperature and humidity are discussed. In conclusion, genetic improvement of BCAs can bring about new opportunities to biocontrol industry and users to enhance biocontrol resilience. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Intra-specific variation and inheritance of BYDV-PAV transmission in the aphid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitobion avenae</Emphasis>

Vector efficiency of 44 clonal lines (clones) of Sitobion avenae belonging to 31 different genotypes (distinct patterns for five microsatellite loci) originating from Western France was evaluated by transmitting the isolate PAV4 of BYDV-PAV to barley seedlings. Variation in transmission rates from 3.7% to 92.5% was observed, with significant effects of the aphid clone, of the plant species on which clones were collected, and of the reproductive mode of the clones. When genotypes are considered instead of clones, a continuum in transmission rates was observed. A subset of S. avenae clones was tested for transmission of one (10 clones) and 13 (4 clones) other BYDV-PAV isolates, and a clear clone effect modulated by an isolate effect was observed. Crosses were made between clones with different vectoring phenotypes and their F1 progeny were tested for PAV4 transmission. The narrow sense heritability of the PAV transmission character was rather high in the F1 families (h²=0.5) and the segregation analyses suggested an oligo/polygenic determinism of this character. The possibility of generating new transmission variants by sexual reproduction and its consequences on transmission mechanism studies and on BYD epidemics are discussed.     

西安临潼人工林土壤干化与恢复研究

通过野外调查和室内测定,本文研究了西安临潼人工林下0-6m土壤含水量和土壤干层的变化。结果表明,临潼14龄杨树林和16龄梧桐树林下150-350cm之间土层的含水量分别为8.7%和9.0%。按土壤干层划分标准(含水量<10%),这已属于发育弱的土壤干层,说明西安地区人工林下有土壤干层存在。而在丰水年中,杨树林和梧桐树林下原有的土壤干层带水分含量增加到21.6%和21.7%,土壤干层消失,说明在降水量增加的条件下,西安地区发育弱的土壤干层可以得到恢复,人工林能够正常生长。由此推断,西安及其降水量与其类似的其他地区可以种植一些高大乔木或果树经济林。在土壤干层发育严重的黄土高原北部地区不适于广泛造林,可以优先考虑发展疏林和森林草原植被。     

福建柏人工林栽培技术

福建柏是柏科福建柏属常绿乔木。文章分别从福建柏的形态特征、生物学特性,采种、育苗和造林技术及病虫害防治等方面进行人工林栽培技术总结,为推广营造福建柏人工林提供科学依据。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工绿地水盐动态的研究

自１９９４年塔中开始绿地建设以来,绿地长期使用高矿化度的地下水灌溉,局部地区出现积盐,盐分积累问题成为人们关注的焦点,本语文立足于几年来对绿地土壤水盐连续观测的资料,对水盐动态规律进行总结,提出在沙漠腹地长期高矿化度水灌溉,并不会靠民土壤大面积积盐结论。     

不同地膜和不同覆盖方式对人工种植羊肚菌的效应

在不同气候条件下,使用白色和黑色聚乙烯农用地膜,采取不覆盖、直接覆盖不同地膜和使用地膜在棚内搭建小拱棚等5种方式,观测比较羊肚菌菌丝生长情况、原基形成数量、子实体生长情况及产量、商品菇比率等。结果:覆盖地膜和使用地膜在棚内搭建小拱棚的方式能有效提高羊肚菌产量,其中在低海拔的陇南种植地以覆盖黑色地膜和使用白色地膜搭建小拱棚两种方式的种植效果较好,而在高海拔的舟曲种植地则是以白色地膜搭建小拱棚方式效果为佳。