天山马鹿胚胎移植技术的研究

为培育特别优秀、经济价值高的种用公鹿,选择4头天山马鹿作供体,经过CIDR+FSH+PG诱导发情、超数排卵、人工授精,采集胚胎,获得13枚可用胚胎,将其移植给经CIDR+PMSG+PG诱导同期发情的13头天山马鹿,结果7头受体马鹿受胎。     

兴凯湖大白鱼人工繁殖及胚胎发育研究

2019年6月,通过人工催产获得兴凯湖大白鱼受精卵,系统地观察了胚胎发育的全过程。结果表明,在池塘养殖的条件下,人工养殖可获得成熟的亲鱼,人工催产获得的兴凯湖大白鱼的受精卵为圆球型,呈青灰色或黄绿色。平均卵直径为0.78 mm(0.65～1.02 mm),吸水后平均卵直径为4.02 mm。胚胎发育过程可分为23个阶段。在24.5～26.8℃范围内,受精42 min后开始第一次卵裂,受精10 h 45 min后开始形成器官。胚胎发育的总积温为486.98℃·h。     

日本鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究概述

日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)是中国和日本最广泛养殖的鱼类之一。其养殖基于对天然玻璃鳗的捕捞,从而导致天然玻璃鳗资源逐渐出现严重的匮乏。为解决此问题,众多研究者致力于玻璃鳗的人工繁殖。主要阐述了30年来日本鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究的相关成果:在亲鳗催熟前需进行强化培育,雌、雄鳗达到性成熟需要不同的催熟药物和催熟时间,17,20-β-二羟孕酮(DHP)的催产效果较好;温度、盐度、水体离子含量等环境因子对胚胎和仔鱼发育影响较大;自由氨基酸、卵黄脂蛋白和硝化甘油是受精卵及卵黄囊期仔鱼的主要能源物质,磷脂是辅助能源物质;用鲨鱼卵冷冻干燥粉末添加复合维生素、磷虾提取液等制成的浆状饵料是仔鱼较适宜的开口饵料;胚胎发育进程为初孵仔鱼体长3.5mm,仅分化出咽,从第7天开始,仔鱼具有消化和吸收食物的能力并出现大幅生长,到100d时,仔鱼已具有较强的免疫能力。     

Thermal tolerance of paralarvae of Patagonian red octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus

Patagonian red octopus, Enteroctopus megalocyathus, is a merobenthic octopus whose paralarvae have been successfully cultured up to juvenile octopuses. At present, high mortality during the paralarval period prevents the scaling from experimental rearing to commercial aquaculture. The aim of the study was to determine upper (CTMax) and lower (CTMin) thermal tolerance, acclimation response ratio (ARR) and thermal tolerance polygon of paralarvae from different culture conditions and subjected to seven acclimation temperatures (6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18°C) during the first 5 days of paralarval life. Culture conditions were two types of egg incubation (maternal care and artificial incubators) and two feeding regimes (fed or starved). Fed paralarvae showed thermal preferendum, while unfed paralarvae preferred much higher temperatures than those of acclimation. CTMin and CTMax increased along with the acclimation temperature. Lower values of ARR were obtained in paralarvae from artificial incubation, with this type of paralarva showing the least adaptability to thermal changes. Starved paralarvae showed the lowest values for thermal tolerance range (TTR) and smaller areas of thermal polygon than fed paralarvae. Rearing temperatures above 16°C may be considered suboptimal to paralarvae and affected by the conditions during the embryonic incubation. Rearing temperatures below 8°C may be considered suboptimal for all hatched paralarvae. Therefore, the other temperatures within this range could be used in the context of improving the culture management of paralarvae.     

Growth performance and nutritional composition of Sepia pharaonis under artificial culturing conditions

This study investigated the growth performance and nutritional composition of scale artificially cultured cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis. Juveniles were cultured in an open‐culturing cement pool system for 120 days. The body weight increased from 10.21 ± 1.44 g to 570.71 ± 126.32 g from 50 days old to 170 days old, and the average growth rate was 4.67%. The proximate, amino acid and fatty acid compositions of S. pharaonis muscles were analysed every 40 days to compare the quality. The cultured S. pharaonis were rich in essential amino acids (EAAs), functional amino acids (FAAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which accounted for 32%, 46%, 28% and 54% (dry weight) respectively. Total amino acids (TAAs) and EAAs exhibited a clear distinction between ages, and significant differences were observed among the levels of individual amino acids, including Pro, Ala, Asp and Lys, which were significantly higher at 130–170 days old than at 50 days old (p < 0.05). Although the total saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and PUFAs were statistically similar between ages, C17:0, C22:6 n‐3 and PUFAs were higher at 130–170 days old than at 50 days old (p < 0.05). The results indicate that large‐scale artificial culture of S. pharaonis can be achieved under the conditions of a cement pool. This study also provides new information regarding the growth performance and nutritional composition of cultured S. pharaonis, which will contribute to the development of aquaculture practices for this species.     

以优化的BP神经网络模型为基础研究山东近海口虾蛄空间分布与环境因子的关系

BP神经网络模型作为一种常用的机器学习方法,被广泛应用于物种分布模型,以解析生物分布与环境因子的关系。与传统回归模型相比,该模型可以灵活处理变量间的非线性关系,但其结构复杂,在参数设置方面存在不确定性,从而影响模型的预测与应用。根据2016—2017年山东近海口虾蛄渔业资源调查与环境数据,利用BP神经网络模型构建口虾蛄资源分布模型,同时利用数据分组处理算法(group method of data handling, GMDH)、遗传算法(genetic algorithm, GA)和自适应算法(adaptive algorithm)分别对模型输入变量、初始权值和隐节点数目3方面进行优化,构建7种不同组合优化模型。结果显示,7种模型的优化效果存在明显差异,单方面和两方面组合优化模型预测性能基本保持一致;而三方面共同优化其均方根误差与残差平方和分别为0.35和1.94,较初始模型的0.52和2.40更小,且相关系数最大为0.45,表明模型优化效果最好。对比优化前后发现,口虾蛄资源密度随纬度和底层盐度变化趋势基本保持一致,而随底层温度的升高,口虾蛄资源密度存在较大差异。此外,最优模型较初始模型增加水深为关键环境因子,对口虾蛄的资源密度具有重要影响。本研究进一步开发了BP神经网络模型参数优化的方法,证明了参数优化对BP模型的预测性能具有重要影响,模型优化对于分析口虾蛄资源密度与环境因子的关系具有重要意义。     

圆柱镂空型人工鱼礁波流水动力特性数值模拟

研究人工鱼礁在波流作用下的水动力特性,对于人工鱼礁的设计具有重要的意义。基于有限体积法,采用边界造波,利用自由表面捕捉法(VOF)捕捉自由水面,建立了可以分别模拟纯波、均匀流以及波流共同作用下人工鱼礁水动力特性的多功能三维数值波流水槽。基于该数值模型对不同波流工况作用下圆柱型镂空人工鱼礁水动力特性进行数值模拟,并与物理模型试验结果进行比较。结果显示,人工鱼礁数值模拟受力与模型试验结果吻合良好,人工鱼礁所受的波流力最大值随着波高、周期和水流流速的增大而增大;人工鱼礁处于波流场波峰正下方时,背涡流的面积随着水流流速的增大而增大,随着波高、周期增大而减小。对单独均匀流作用、单独波浪作用和波流联合作用下人工鱼礁的水动力特性对比研究表明,人工鱼礁所受的最大波流力比最大波浪力、水流力都大,波流联合作用下的流场效应最显著,在礁体的后部形成了较大规模的漩涡结构。     

威海双岛海域人工鱼礁区大型海藻夏季群落结构变化

2013年6月和8月,采用潜水采样和录像的方法调查了威海双岛海域人工鱼礁区内礁石上附着的大型海藻,并分析了海藻群落组成与环境因子的关系.2次调查共采集到大型海藻9种,其中红藻门5种、褐藻门和绿藻门各2种.夏末和夏初的海藻群落相似度为20.35％,对相似性贡献最大的5种海藻分别为金膜藻(Chrysymenia wrightii)、日本异管藻(Hterosiphonia japonica)、扁江蓠(Gracilaria textorii)、海黍子(Sargassum muticum)和孔石莼(Ulvapertusa).夏末的海藻生物量密度(243.83 g/m2)高于夏初(164.99 g/m2),但覆盖率由64.53％～91.20％降至52.53％～72.53％(威海圣鲲礁区除外),绝对优势种由夏初的日本异管藻演替为夏末的金膜藻.根据主成分分析(PCA)和冗余分析(RDA)结果,影响海藻群落变化的环境因子中,前3位分别为水温、盐度和水底照度;夏末,由于水体透明度较低(＜2.0 m),光照条件可能成为海藻分布的限制因子.另外,夏末污损生物的大量出现在一定程度上影响了海藻的覆盖率.     

湖泊渔业资源开发的系统动力学模型研究

采用灰色系统理论与国际先进的人工神经网络模拟相结合的先进技术，进行了太湖、濑湖和金鸡湖的渔业资源开发的系统动力学模型研究。认为控制捕涝强度是调空太湖针银鱼，梅鲚，白虾３个主要经济种群的关键因素，专家鉴定认为，本研究填补国内空白，居国内领先水平。     

香鱼嗜水气单胞菌人工染病后血液生理生化指标变化

从患病香鱼的体腔液中分离获得嗜水气单胞菌病原,经培养稀释的菌液,腹腔注射人工感染健康香鱼,出现典型的出血症后,进行血液生理生化指标的测定。结果发现,病鱼红细胞数量为(1.21±0.08)×1012个/L,血栓细胞数量(189.00±5.19)×1012个/L,较健康香鱼红细胞[(2.41±0.16)×1012个/L]、血栓细胞[(380.0±20.00)×1012个/L]呈极显著降低(P0.01),血红蛋白含量呈显著减少(P0.05),而白细胞数量却显著增加(P0.05)。染病香鱼总蛋白为(47.56±2.63)g/L,健康鱼为(49.23±3.06)g/L,经检验无显著差异;而碱性磷酸酶、Cl-、Ca2+等3项血液生化指标值均呈极显著减少(P0.01),乳酸脱氢酶呈极显著增加(P0.01)。