Projecting the suitability of global and local habitats for myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) using model consensus

Myrtle rust (caused by Austropuccinia psidii) affects more than 500 known host species in the Myrtaceae family. Three different modelling approaches (CLIMEX, MaxEnt and Multi-Model Framework) were used to project the habitat suitability for myrtle rust at both global and local scales. Current data on the global occurrence of myrtle rust were collected from online literature and expert solicitation. Long-term averages of climate data (1960–1990) were sourced from WorldClim and CliMond websites. Recent reports of myrtle rust in New Zealand were used for validation of model outputs but not in model training and testing. The model outputs were combined into a consensus model to identify localities projected to be suitable for myrtle rust according to two or three models (hotspots). In addition to the locations where the pathogen is currently present, all models successfully projected independent occurrence data in New Zealand suitable for establishment of the pathogen. Climate suitability for the pathogen was primarily related to temperature followed by rainfall in MaxEnt and the CLIMEX model. The results confirmed the optimum temperature range of this pathogen in the literature (15–25 °C). Additional analysis of the precipitation variables indicated that excessive rain (more than 2000 mm in warmest quarter of the year) combined with high temperatures (>30 °C) constrain pathogen establishment. The results of the current study can be useful for countries such as New Zealand, China, South Africa and Singapore where the pathogen has not fully spread or established.     

The effectiveness of consistent roguing in managing banana bunchy top disease in smallholder production in Africa

The removal of infected individuals is a common practice in the management of plant disease outbreaks. It minimizes the contact between healthy individuals and inoculum sources by reducing the infectious window of contaminated individuals. This requires early detection and consistent removal at landscape scale. Roguing of mats with symptoms of banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) in Cavendish banana production systems has been tested in Australia, using trained personnel, but has never been tested in smallholder systems. We studied the effectiveness of long-term consistent roguing in prolonging the productivity of banana orchards under smallholder farming systems in highland banana and plantain dominated production systems in Africa. We assessed the possibility of low-risk seed sourcing from the managed plots. Roguing reduced BBTD incidence to 2% in managed farmer fields and to 10% in experimental field plots, while a nonmanaged field eventually collapsed in the same period. With roguing, new infections decreased monthly compared to an exponential increase in a nonmanaged field. The emergence of new infections in both managed and nonmanaged farms followed a seasonal cycle. BBTD managed plots were a source of low-risk seed for replacing the rogued mats in the same fields, but perhaps not safe for use in nonendemic areas. We conclude that it is possible for smallholder farmers to recover and maintain banana productivity with rigorous roguing, which would entail early identification of symptoms and early removal of diseased mats. Studies are needed on the intensity of roguing under different disease and production conditions.     

海南省蔬菜根结线虫发生种类与分布

2014年-2018年, 对海南省蔬菜根结线虫病害进行了田间随机采样调查和病原种类分子鉴定?结果显示, 蔬菜根结线虫病在海南18市县均有发生, 且大部分旱田连作地块病株率达到80%以上?进一步对采集的295份根结线虫样本种类进行了分子鉴定, 共鉴定出象耳豆根结线虫?南方根结线虫和爪哇根结线虫3种病原种?其中, 象耳豆根结线虫单一检出率达到62.37%, 南方根结线虫单一检出率为23.39%, 爪哇根结线虫的检出率仅为5.76%, 象耳豆根结线虫和南方根结线虫复合侵染检出率为8.47%?除五指山市样本以外, 海南其余17市县样本均检测到象耳豆根结线虫侵染为害?本研究显示象耳豆根结线虫为海南省蔬菜上的优势病原根结线虫种类, 该结果对指导品种布局?制定根结线虫病害的防治策略具有重要意义?     

2006－2018年河南省漯河市蛴螬优势种变化及其与秋作物种植面积的关系

为绿色防控蛴螬,于2006-2018年秋作物收获后、小麦播种前,调查河南省漯河市5个区县不同茬口秋作物田内金龟子幼虫种类、虫口密度以及主要秋作物种植面积,同时在漯河市农业科学院试验基地内设置1台黑光灯,监测金龟子成虫的上灯种类和数量。结果表明,2006-2018年,铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta幼虫平均密度由2006年的2.06头/m²下降到2018年的1.01头/m²,所占比例从2006年的94.12%下降到2018年的38.37%;暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela幼虫平均密度由2006年的0.06头/m²上升到2018年的1.59头/m²,所占比例从2006年的2.61%增加到2018年的60.46%,表明金龟子幼虫优势种由铜绿丽金龟变为暗黑鳃金龟。灯下金龟子成虫种类和数量变化与金龟子幼虫变化趋势相同。暗黑鳃金龟幼虫密度与玉米种植面积、红薯种植面积呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.657和-0.690,暗黑鳃金龟幼虫密度与大豆种植面积、花生种植面积呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.753和0.657,表明大豆、花生种植面积增加,玉米、红薯种植面积减少,是暗黑鳃金龟成为优势种的主要原因。     

放牧对土壤理化性状及植被多样性的影响

放牧是家畜饲养方式之一,是草地最简单而又有效的利用方式,但放牧中的家畜家禽通过采食牧草、践踏土壤和牧草以及粪便排泄影响着草地植被和土壤,不同强度的放牧对地下土壤与地上植被的影响不同。本研究综述了近几年来放牧对地下部土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾、土壤容重、有机碳以及微生物多样性的影响,对植被多样性及草群成分的影响等,旨在为今后家畜放牧行为研究以及放牧科学研究提供理论依据。     

山西云顶山亚高山草甸优势种种间关系分析

为揭示山西云顶山亚高山草甸植物群落优势种的种间关系,本研究通过种间联结性和相关性测定,对其植物群落13个优势种78个种对的种间关系进行研究。结果表明:13个优势种间大部分种对的种间关联不显著,种间联结不紧密,说明山西云顶山亚高山草甸植物群落结构不很稳定,存在一定程度的生态退化风险;多数原生优势种在群落中占据主要位置,同时也出现少数非原生优势种优势明显,有逐渐取代典型原生优势种的逆行演替趋势,这是由于人类频繁的旅游扰动所致。因此,应当合理的控制旅游开发强度与游客数量,保持亚高山草甸生态系统的稳定与自我维持,以持续高效的维持云顶山亚高山草甸的经济及生态价值。     

裂脖跳小蜂属(膜翅目:跳小蜂科)1新种及1新记录种记述

记述了裂脖跳小蜂属1新种--韩氏裂脖跳小蜂(Rhopus hanni Zu&Li, sp. nov.),1中国新记录种--硫磺裂脖跳小蜂(Rhopus sulphureus(Westwood,1837))。对新种及新记录种的形态特征和分布进行了详细的描述,并附有成虫特征照片。     

4种荒漠植物种子出苗和幼苗生长对沙埋深度的响应

通过室内试验测定了黑果枸杞、沙冬青、沙蒿、霸王4种荒漠植物的种子生理特征以及沙埋深度（0、1、2、3、4、5 cm）对4种荒漠植物种子出苗及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,体积较大的沙冬青和霸王种子萌发率与其重量、含水量、形状及活性间存在正相关关系;体积较小的黑果枸杞、沙蒿萌发率与种子重量、含水量、形状之间为正相关关系,与种子活性负相关。随着沙埋深度增加,4种植物种子出苗率下降、首次出苗时间延迟,茎高、绝对株高和根长及根冠比总体呈先增大后减小的趋势;幼苗生长方面,黑果枸杞和沙蒿分别适宜于1～2、0～1 cm的浅层沙埋,均在沙埋深度5 cm时种子几乎不萌发;沙冬青、霸王则适宜于3～4 cm较深层沙埋,在沙埋0 cm时均不萌发。此外,在荒漠区采用这4种植物进行植被恢复时,除考虑种子自身性状外,还应充分考虑当地的沙埋、降雨等条件,以提高出苗率、增大幼苗定植率。     

天山云杉林冠层结构对草本物种多样性的影响

为研究天山云杉林冠层特征与林下草本物种多样性的相互关系,以新疆天格尔森林公园天山云杉林的4个龄级的林分（幼林龄、中林龄、近熟林、成熟林）为研究对象,以冠层分析仪获得的冠层结构特征和林下光环境指数等野外实际调查数据为依据,通过计算 α 多样性指数分析4个龄级的草本物种多样性,利用多元统计方法研究冠层结构对草本多样性的影响。结果表明,各个指标在不同龄级间均有一定的差异,且随着林分的生长和更新,天山云杉林呈现林冠开度逐渐减小、叶面积指数增大、林下光辐射均减弱、物种多样性指数均减小的趋势;典型模型表明林冠开度对冠层结构起到主要作用（呈极显著正相关P<0.01）,叶面积指数次之（呈极显著负相关P<0.01）;在林下辐射中,林下总辐射对林内光环境起主要作用;相比冠层结构,林下光照对草本层物种多样性的作用更大,其中林冠开度和丰富度指数之间呈显著正相关,林下总辐射、林下直射辐射和多样性指数、均匀度指数之间均呈显著正相关。     

活性氧调控果实发育成熟的研究进展

活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)存在于整个植物生长发育过程,一旦积累过多会导致氧化应激反应,但是适度的氧化胁迫有利于果实成熟。本文对活性氧影响果实成熟的生理机制,活性氧与激素互作调控果实成熟的机理,活性氧调控果实成熟的分子机制,以及活性氧与钙离子调控采后果实后熟等相关研究进展进行了总结和评述,旨在通过总结活性氧直接或间接调控果实衰老成熟的研究进展,为今后利用活性氧调控果实成熟提供理论依据和参考。