精氨酸甲基转移酶及其生物学功能研究进展

精氨酸甲基转移酶在蛋白质转录后修饰中起着重要作用。最近的研究进展揭示精氨酸甲基转移酶在真核生物的生长、发育及适应过程中起着非常重要作用。然而人们对该类酶功能和参与调控机制的认识还很少。该文综述了精氨酸甲基转移酶的分类标准、各种类型精氨酸甲基转移酶的生化特性及在动物、植物和酵母中精氨酸甲基转移酶的种类。分析了精氨酸甲基转移酶蛋白质结构特征及作用底物的特点。并综述了最近动植物中精氨酸甲基转移酶功能研究的进展,精氨酸甲基转移酶的生物学功能研究进展及其活性的调控方式;并对进一步研究精氨酸甲基转移酶功能进行了展望。     

棉花精氨琥珀酸合成酶基因GhASS1的克隆及表达分析

尿素循环中间产物在植物的生长发育、生物与非生物胁迫起着重要的作用,也与植物氮素利用密切相关。本文以参与尿素循环的酶为重点,介绍其结构和功能研究的进展,并分析了与尿素循环相关的代谢及产物的作用,为进一步研究尿素循环的功能、调控和利用提供参考。     

Effects of amino acids and glucose on the fry colour of potato crisps

Summary Amino acids and sugars were removed from slices of potato of the cultivar Record. The slices were then soaked in solutions of the amino acids and various concentrations of glucose to study their effect on the fry colour of crisps. Glutamine was an important amino acid in the development of fry colour intensity at low glucose concentrations and also contributed to the dark fry colour when combined with glucose concentrations above 0.15%. The basic amino acid arginine had a similar but lesser effect and other amino acids used gave the same effect at glucose concentrations above 0.45%. Asparagine could play an important role in the development of fry colour quality and may decrease the grey colour intensity developed by the mixture of amino acids.     

不同外源碳对AM真菌吸收氮源合成精氨酸的影响

本文意在探究外源碳对丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM）真菌吸收氮源合成精氨酸(Arg)的影响。采用三室隔离盆栽培养系统,以高粱（Sorghum bicolor L. Moench）为宿主植物,接种AM真菌Glomus intraradices,在菌丝室施加4 mmol/L的NH4NO3,同时在根室施加不同形式的碳源,测定分析不同外源碳条件下根外菌丝体（ERM）、菌根和植物茎叶中的Arg含量和总氮含量。结果表明ERM和菌根中的Arg含量远远高于茎叶中;虽然不同形式外源碳提高了AM真菌的ERM干重和菌根侵染率,但是葡萄糖降低了ERM、菌根和茎叶中的Arg含量,蔗糖和甘油对Arg含量没有显著的影响,只有外源Arg和谷氨酰胺（Gln）使ERM中的Arg含量显著增加;不同外源碳对菌根和茎叶的总氮含量没有显著影响。由上述结果分析可知在根室施加外源碳对AM真菌的氮代谢和宿主植物氮素营养水平没有显著影响,Arg合成所需的碳可能大多来自宿主植物供给的碳水化合物;但是施加外源碳能够促进AM真菌的生长繁殖。     

军曹鱼幼鱼对饲料中精氨酸的需要量

选择初始平均质量为(14.70±0.30)g的军曹鱼幼鱼,在56 d的饲养期中分别饲喂含精氨酸质量分数为1.84%、2.07%、2.30%、2.53%和2.76%(或饲料蛋白中精氨酸质量分数为4.0%、4.5%、5.0%、5.5%、6.0%)的等氮等能精制饲料,观察精氨酸对军曹鱼生长和全鱼组成成分的影响.结果表明,当饲料中精氨酸质量分数为2.30%时,军曹鱼的特定生长率、增质量率及存活率达到最高值.饲料中精氨酸质量分数为2.30%时,全鱼粗蛋白和精氨酸水平达到最高;精氨酸质量分数为2.76%时,全鱼粗脂肪水平达到最高.以增质量率为指标,一元二次回归分析表明,军曹鱼对饲料中精氨酸的适宜需要量为2.38%(占饲料蛋白质量分数的5.17%).     

精氨酸在肉鸡生产中的应用研究进展

精氨酸是肉鸡的一种功能性必需氨基酸,具有多种生理功能。综述了精氨酸对肉鸡生长、胴体品质、肉品质、肠道健康、免疫和抗氧化等方面的研究进展,分析了适宜精氨酸需要量及其与赖氨酸的互作关系,并总结了精氨酸替代物胍基乙酸和N-氨甲酰谷氨酸在肉鸡生产上的应用研究。饲粮精氨酸水平适宜有利于提高肉鸡生长性能,改善胴体品质和肉品质,修复肠道损伤,维持正常肠道屏障功能,调节肠道微生物菌群,调控肠道消化酶活性和氨基酸转运载体表达,以及提高免疫功能和抗氧化能力。饲粮精氨酸不足或者过多,均不利于肉鸡的正常生长发育。肉鸡精氨酸需要量受品种类型、性别、饲养阶段、精氨酸/赖氨酸比值等因素影响。目前大部分研究主要集中在快大型白羽肉鸡,对我国特有的黄羽肉鸡精氨酸需要量研究报道较少,其研究结果也存在较大差异。胍基乙酸和N-氨甲酰谷氨酸作为精氨酸替代物,对肉鸡的作用不同。胍基乙酸不能完全替代精氨酸,但饲粮中补充胍基乙酸能够减少精氨酸用于能量代谢,使其更多用于肌肉生长和其他生理功能。N-氨甲酰谷氨酸能够增加肉鸡内源性精氨酸合成,提高体内精氨酸含量,促进肉鸡生长发育。随着精氨酸及其替代物对肉鸡作用效果和机理研究的不断深入,精氨酸...     

Marginal deficiencies of dietary arginine and methionine could suppress growth performance and immunological responses in broiler chickens

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary arginine (Arg) and methionine (Met) on performance, immune responses, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. A total of 540 day‐old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned into the nine experimental diets, consisting five replicates of 12 birds each. Dietary treatments included three different levels (90%, 100%, and 110% of National Research Council [NRC] specifications) of either dietary Arg or Met, which were fed to the birds according to a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments during a 42 days feeding trial. Results showed that supplementation of Arg and Met into the deficient‐diets increased (p < .01) weight gains during all trial periods. Although average daily feed intake (ADFI) was not influenced by dietary treatments, increasing Arg up to 100% of NRC recommendations improved (p < .05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) throughout the trial period. Similarly, supplementation of deficient‐diets with Met improved FCR values. There was a significant (p < .01) Arg × Met interaction for ADFI during the starter period; increasing the dietary Arg level increased ADFI when the diets were deficient in Met, while had an opposite effect in diets containing higher dietary Met levels. On the other hand, dietary Met fortification improved (p = .067) FCR values to a greater extent in 110% Arg‐diets during the entire trial period. Although different levels of Arg and Met had no marked effects on carcass yield and abdominal fat percentage, supplemental Arg up to 100% of NRC values increased (p < .01) the relative weights of spleen and bursa of Fabricius. Furthermore, bursa weight was affected by Arg × Met interaction (p < .01), so that supplemental Arg level of 100% of NRC increased the relative bursa weight in birds that were fed diets containing 90% and 110% of Met. Serum uric acid level was decreased (p < .05) as a result of dietary Arg fortification up to 110% of NRC recommended values. Supplementation of deficient‐diets with Met decreased (p < .05) serum cholesterol level. Although Newcastle antibody titer was not affected by dietary Arg or Met levels, Arg fortification of deficient‐diets increased (p < .001) antibody responses against infectious bronchitis (IBV) and bursal (IBD) disease viruses. Similarly, Met supplementation of deficient‐diets increased IBD antibody titer. There were significant (p < .05) Arg × Met interactions for IBV and IBD titers; Met fortification of 110% Arg‐diets was more effective in increasing antibody titers. An increase in dietary Met level up to 100% of NRC values increased (p < .001) serum concentration of γ‐globulins. The present findings imply that supplemental Arg could affect feed efficiency and antibody responses when the diets were already fortified with a sufficient Met level.     

喷施外源植物生长调节物质对白肋烟烟碱含量及其合成关键酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究白肋烟打顶后喷施外源植物生长调节物质YCL2和Z5对烟碱含量及其合成关键酶(鸟氨酸脱羧酶和精氨酸脱羧酶)的活性以及总氮、总糖、氯和钾含量的影响。结果表明:白肋烟打顶后喷施YCL2和Z5能够显著降低白肋烟叶片烟碱的含量,其中喷施YCL2使上部叶片烟碱含量降低20.47%,喷施Z5使上、中部叶片烟碱含量分别降低34.36%和32.38%;喷施YCL2和Z5能显著降低合成烟碱关键酶(鸟氨酸脱羧酶和精氨酸脱羧酶)的活性。喷施YCL2和Z5对烟叶重要品质指标(总氮、总糖、氯和钾)的含量没有显著影响。结果说明,喷施外源植物生长调节物质YCL2和Z5能显著降低烟叶烟碱含量,但不影响烟叶品质,在烟叶生产调控烟碱含量上具有较大的推广应用价值。     

不同水平精氨酸对肉种鸡产蛋后期蛋品质及血液生化指标的影响

文章旨在研究不同水平精氨酸饲粮对肉种鸡产蛋后期蛋品质、蛋组分及血液生化指标影响。选用60周龄健康、体重相近爱拔益加(AA)肉种鸡,随机分为5组(A、B、C、D、E),每组6个重复,每个重复7羽,共210羽,A组为对照组(含0.96%可消化L-精氨酸的玉米-豆粕基础饲粮),B、C、D、E组为试验组,分别饲喂含1.16%、1.36%、1.56%、1.76%可消化L-精氨酸的玉米-豆粕基础饲粮(即在基础饲粮中添加0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%L-精氨酸)。7周后,收集种蛋。结果表明,与对照组相比,各试验组蛋形指数、蛋白高度、蛋壳相对重和哈夫单位均有升高趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);B、C、D、E组蛋黄粗脂肪含量均显著降低(P0.05),B、C组蛋黄粗蛋白显著增加(P0.05),而D、E组蛋黄粗蛋白含量及相对重均差异不显著(P0.05);C、D组蛋清粗脂肪含量显著增加(P0.05),B、E组蛋清粗脂肪含量有增加趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05),各试验组蛋清粗蛋白含量及蛋清相对重均差异不显著(P0.05);与对照组相比较,C、D组血清总蛋白含量极显著增加,C、E组甘油三酯含量极显著减少(P0.01)。综上所述,饲粮中可消化精氨酸水平为1.36%(C组)时,可改善肉种鸡产蛋后期蛋品质,增加肉种母鸡血清中总蛋白含量,显著降低血清甘油三酯含量。     

精氨酸在体内和体外试验中对鲤鱼免疫力的影响

本试验采用体外和体内2种方法来研究精氨酸(Arg)对鲤鱼免疫力的影响。体外试验中,在培养基中分别添加0、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0mmol/L的Arg,将肾脏白细胞培养不同的时间段后测定增殖指数、呼吸爆发活力、吞噬活力和杀菌率。体内试验中,将平均体重37g的鲤鱼随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复10条,分别体内注射0、25、50、100和200 mg/kg鱼体重的Arg,商业饲料投喂2周,进行肾脏白细胞增殖指数、呼吸爆发活力和吞噬活力的测定,以及血清和肝胰脏一氧化氮(NO)含量、一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活性及血清白蛋白(ALB)含量的测定。体外试验结果表明:添加Arg能够提高肾脏白细胞的增殖指数、呼吸爆发活力、吞噬活力和杀菌率。培养12和24h后,1.0、1.5和2.0mmol/L Arg组肾脏白细胞增殖指数显著高于0mmol/L Arg组(P0.05);培养6、12和24h后,1.0mmol/L Arg组肾脏白细胞呼吸爆发活力显著高于0mmol/L Arg组(P0.05);培养12和24h后,1.0、1.5和2.0mmol/L Arg组肾脏白细胞吞噬活力显著高于0mmol/L Arg组(P0.05);培养18h后,1.0、1.5和2.0 mmol/L Arg组肾脏白细胞杀菌率显著高于0 mmol/L Arg组(P0.05)。体内试验结果表明:50、100和200 mg/kg Arg组肾脏白细胞呼吸爆发活力、吞噬活力和增殖指数显著高于0mg/kg Arg组(P0.05);100和200mg/kg Arg组血清ALB和NO含量显著高于0 mg/kg Arg组(P0.05),50、100和200mg/kg Arg组血清NOS活性显著高于0mg/kg Arg组(P0.05);50、100和200mg/kg Arg组肝胰脏NO含量显著高于0mg/kg Arg组(P0.05),25和50mg/kg Arg组肝胰脏NOS活性显著高于0mg/kg Arg组(P0.05)。由此可见,Arg提高了鲤鱼肾脏白细胞的免疫力,体外试验表明Arg的适宜浓度为1.0mmol/L。正常摄食情况下,Arg在鲤鱼体内注射适宜浓度为50~100mg/kg。