丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus caledonium)对铜污染土壤生物修复机理初探

利用盆栽试验,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus.caledonium)在不同程度铜污染土壤上对玉米苗期生长的影响。结果表明,即使在土壤施铜量达150mg/kg时,菌根真菌对玉米仍有近55%的侵染率;接种菌根真菌,能显著促进玉米根系的生长。菌根玉米的根系生物量和根系长度,平均较未接种处理分别提高108.4%和58.8%;接种处理的植株地上部生物量达到每盆(3株)10.58g,显著高于不施铜的非菌根玉米。这些结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌对铜污染具有较好的抗性;并且由于菌根的形成,使宿主植物明显地改善了对磷的吸收和运输,并能通过抑制土壤酸化、降低土壤可溶态铜的浓度等机制,增强宿主植物对铜污染的抗(耐)性。在150mg/kg施铜水平时,与非菌根玉米相比,菌根玉米地上部和根系铜浓度分别降低24.3%和24.1%,吸铜量分别提高了28.2%和60.0%,表明菌根植物对铜污染土壤具有一定的生物修复作用。     

Mycorrhizal diversity: Cause and effect?

Mycorrhizal fungi play a critical role in nutrient cycling and ecosystem function. They improve plant growth and survival through a mutualistic relationship in which photosynthates are exchanged for increased access to water and nutrients. Because the benefits realized are not equal among different plant–fungal species combinations, mycorrhizal fungi may help govern plant community structure and successional trajectories. In fact, both plant productivity and plant diversity have been shown to increase with increasing diversity of mycorrhizal fungi. The diversity and species composition of plant communities also exert a reciprocal influence on associated mycorrhizal communities, although edaphic factors may also play a role. Given this inherent bi-directionality of mycorrhizal relationships, the potential exists for positive feedback mechanisms which may promote and maintain both plant and mycorrhizal fungal diversity. This review considers recent literature on both arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungal–plant community relationships within a variety of environments, including artificially constructed systems and naturally occurring grasslands and forests.     

Depth of root symbiont occurrence in soil

Summary The woody legume Prosopis glandulosa (mesquite) growing in the California Sonoran Desert develops functional root symbiotic associations (N₂-fixing nodules, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) at depths greater than 4 m in moist soil above a seasonally stable water table. Population densities of symbiotic microorganisms are substantially greater at depth than near the surface. Inferences of plant symbiotic dependence based upon examination of surface roots and soil may be incorrect since deep roots can support the symbioses which are critical for plants utilizing deep water.     

AM真菌和紫穗槐苗互作早期宿主防御生理指标的响应特征

在温室盆栽条件下研究AM真菌与紫穗槐互作早期宿主防御生理指标的响应特征。结果表明:在AM真菌侵染宿主植物早期阶段,根系保护酶瞬时激活,植保素类黄酮瞬时积累,而且接种根内球囊霉(GI)同接种摩西球囊霉(GM)处理相比保护酶活性和类黄酮含量变化相对较大。接种AM真菌处理MDA含量下降,尤其在紫穗槐出苗后25天,接种GI和GM处理MDA含量分别降低26.6%和25.8%。在保护酶失活的同时,几丁质诱导子降解产物GlcN和可溶性蛋白含量增加,而且产生一些新的蛋白,由此推测:几丁质诱导子的降解和新增蛋白的出现是调节植物防御反应允许建立互惠共生体的可能机制。     

盐胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对生菜生长和生理特性的影响

于盆栽条件下设0、50、100和150 mmol/L NaCl处理,对生菜(Lactuca sativa Hort.;品种"芳妮")接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizae, AM)真菌摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae),测定生菜的株高、茎粗、根系活力、叶片相对电导率和防御性酶活性.结果表明,随NaCl浓度的增加,生菜根系AM真菌侵染率逐渐降低;生菜株高、茎粗、根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)活性也呈下降趋势,而叶片电导率显著提高.于低盐浓度(特别是50 mmol/L NaCl)处理下,接种AM真菌显著提高了生菜的茎粗、株高和根系活力,降低叶片电导率,并提高叶片SOD和POD酶活性.结论认为,较低盐浓度胁迫下,接种AM真菌可通过提高根系活力和防御性酶活性、降低细胞膜质透性而缓解盐胁迫对植株的伤害,提高植物的耐盐性.     

Effect of Glomus versiforme inoculation on reactive oxygen metabolism of Citrus tangerine leaves exposed to water stress

In a potted greenhouse experiment, Citrus tangerine Hort. ex Tanaka was inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus versiforme (Karsten) Berch, or non-AM fungus as control. Arbuscular mycorrhizal and non-AM seedlings were grown under well-watered or water-stressed conditions after 97 days of acclimation. The reactive oxygen metabolism of C. tangerine leaves was studied in order to elucidate whether AM symbiosis affects enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The results showed that water stress caused a decrement of 33% for the colonization of G. versiforme on C. tangerine roots. Under well-watered and water-stressed conditions, G. versiforme inoculation increased the leaf phosphorus (P) content by 45% and 27%, and decreased the leaf malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents by 25% and 21%, and 16% and 16%, respectively, compared with the control. Inoculation with G. versiforme enhanced the activities of leaf superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, and increased the contents of leaf soluble protein, ascorbate and total ascorbate notably, regardless of soil moisture conditions. Under water-stressed conditions, G. versiforme inoculation decreased the leaf superoxide anion radical (O ₂ ^·− ) content by 31%. It is concluded that drought resistance of C. tangerine leaves is enhanced due to the improvement of reactive oxygen metabolism after G. versiforme inoculation. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(4): 825–830 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿锑积累和抗氧化活性的影响

利用温室盆栽试验,研究了不同锑浓度(0、500、1000 mg·kg-1)土壤处理下混合接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌(Funneliformis mosseas和Glomus versiforme)后对苜蓿(Medicago Sativa)的锑累积量、生物量和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:接种AM真菌显著促进了苜蓿对锑的积累。在土壤锑浓度为500 mg·kg-1时,接种AM真菌地上和地下部分锑含量分别增加了71%和46%;在锑浓度为1000 mg·kg-1时,地上和地下部分锑含量增加了37%和34%。在土壤锑胁迫条件下,接种AM真菌能显著提高苜蓿地上部分对磷的吸收,这可能是苜蓿生物量增加的原因。同时,接种处理降低了苜蓿中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。在锑浓度为500 mg·kg-1,接种AM真菌显著降低了苜蓿SOD和POD活性;在锑浓度为1000mg·kg-1时,接种AM真菌显著降低SOD活性。     

广西百色市芒果树根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌资源初探

为探明广西百色市芒果根际土壤丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM）真菌的分布情况,本研究对广西芒果主产区的芒果根际土壤及根系样本进行AM真菌分离,并比较不同施肥制度下芒果根际土壤的AM真菌种类和根系菌根侵染情况。采集5个主施有机肥的芒果园（OT）和5个主施化肥的芒果园（CT）根际土壤,采用湿筛倾析法分离土壤中的AM真菌孢子,通过富集和诱导培养纯化其中的AM真菌,进行分子和形态鉴定。采用墨水醋染色法对根系样本进行染色及内生真菌侵染率的测定。共分离出6种AM真菌,OT处理分离出无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora sp.）1种,近明球囊霉属（Claroideoglomus sp.）1种,类球囊霉属（Paraglomus sp.）1种;CT处理分离出无梗囊霉属2种,近明球囊霉属1种。2种施肥制度分离出的AM真菌种类较少,且分离出的AM真菌种类均较常见,并无特有种。根系染色发现,OT处理菌丝分布较多,AM真菌结构丰富,可明显观察到丛枝和泡囊结构,还发现有少量的深色有隔真菌（dark septate endophytes, DSE）;CT处理的菌丝相对较少,泡囊结构和丛枝也较少,DSE相对较多。方差分析结果显示,施肥类型、芒果品种和树龄对AM真菌的根外菌丝、泡囊结构以及孢子密度均有不同程度的影响,其中施用有机肥较化肥对AM真菌的根外菌丝和泡囊结构均有显著的促进作用。综上,本研究筛选所得菌种丰富了我国AM真菌菌种库,并为筛选果树高效AM真菌菌剂奠定物质基础,也为果园管理提供了新方向。     

丛枝菌根真菌对西南岩溶地区干旱及干湿交替下金银花根系生长的影响

近年来我国西南岩溶地区干旱频发、干湿交替现象严重,植被生存环境恶劣,植被恢复困难,石漠化程度呈加剧之势。丛枝菌根真菌能与植物根系形成互惠共生关系,对植物生长发育及抗逆性有积极影响。研究表明,丛枝菌根真菌能够提高植物的抗旱性。然而,丛枝菌根真菌是否能够提高宿主植物对干湿交替等多变环境的耐受性,目前并没有见到相关报道。以西南岩溶地区适生植物金银花为研究对象,利用盆栽控制实验,采用3因素(接种、水分处理、干旱时间处理)随机区组设计,研究了接种丛枝菌根--摩西管柄囊霉对不同干旱及干湿交替条件下金银花根系形态参数及根系生物量的影响。结果表明:短时间的干旱促进了未接种真菌的金银花根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积等形态参数,根系生物量增加,且复水对植物有一定补偿作用;但长期干旱后植株根长、根表面积和根体积等所有根系形态参数均降低,根系生物量显著下降,即长期干旱对金银花的根系生长产生了严重的抑制作用,且复水补偿作用因干旱的严重抑制作用而丧失。短时间干旱降低了接种植株的根长、根表面积和根体积等根系生长参数,根系生物量不变;复水后接种植株仍然具有补偿生长作用,其原因可能与菌根泡囊结构有关。随着干旱处理时间的延长,接种植物的根系也受到伤害,复水补偿能力丧失。可见,菌根真菌促进了喀斯特干旱和干湿交替条件下金银花的根系生长,且在干旱条件下促进作用更加显著,但与干旱时间和干旱强度并没有交互作用。      

Response of weeds and soil microorganisms to imazaquin and pendimethalin in cowpea and soybean

Herbicides applied to combat weeds and increase crop yields may also have undesired effects on beneficial soil microorganisms. Field studies were conducted in 2005 and 2006 in Zaria, Nigeria, to evaluate the response of weeds and soil microorganisms to imazaquin applied at 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 kg a.i./ha and pendimethalin applied at 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 kg a.i./ha in cowpea and soybean. Hoe-weeded and unweeded (no herbicide) plots were controls. Both herbicides significantly reduced weed biomass in both crops, when compared to the unweeded control, which had the highest weed biomass at all sampling dates. Treatments with 0.40 kg a.i./ha of imazaquin, 2.0 and 4.0 kg a.i./ha of pendimethalin, and the hoe-weeded control, had the highest cowpea grain yield. The unweeded control had the lowest grain yield which was comparable to that in all other herbicide treatments. All treatments except 4.0 and 8.0 kg a.i./ha of pendimethalin had higher soybean grain yield than the unweeded control. Soybean yield was lowest in the unweeded control, and treatments that received 4.0 and 8.0 kg a.i./ha of pendimethalin. All rates of imazaquin gave similar soybean grain yields that were 29–41% higher than that from pendimethalin. The hoe-weeded control had the highest yield, which was 79% more than that in the unweeded control. Higher rates of imazaquin and pendimethalin reduced nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi colonisation in both crops. VAM fungi species diversity and species richness in cowpea rhizosphere soil and species diversity in soybean rhizosphere soil were reduced relative to the controls due to application of both herbicides with the rates of 0.10, 0.20, and 0.40 kg a.i./ha of imazaquin and 8.0 kg a.i./ha of pendimethalin being significantly effective.