AM真菌对百合生长和生理特性的影响

以冷藏处理的百合种球为试材,采用盆栽的方法,研究了接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)及地表球囊霉(G. versiforme)和G. mosseae+G. versiforme的混合菌种对百合种球生长及生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,单一、混合接种真菌摩西球囊霉和地表球囊霉菌种均促进百合的生长,百合株高、茎粗、地上部分干重、地下部分干重和叶表面积有明显增加,与对照之间存在显著差异;接菌处理后,接种混合菌种的百合根系侵染率最高;与对照相比,接种混合菌种能够显著提高百合叶片中叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶含量。接菌百合的丙二醛含量比对照降低30%,可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量分别比对照提高了25%和46%,表明AM真菌可减轻膜脂氧化的伤害,减少植株体内RNA降解酶,增强非酶促防御系统能力,增强植物细胞的保水能力。此外,接种AM菌对叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度具有显著的促进作用,百合生长量增加;对百合生长指标和生理特性各指标的影响均以混合菌种接种效果最佳,且接种混合菌种显著高于单一菌种,两菌种间差异不明显。从综合接种效应来看,摩西球囊霉、地表球囊霉均是培育百合菌根苗优良备选菌株,而在条件允许下混合接种G. mosseae+G. versiforme对百合花卉生长更为有利。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizas improve plant growth and soil structure in trifoliate orange under salt stress

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a biostimulant enhance salt tolerance in plants, while the informations regarding AMF-induced changes in soil structure are only available to a limited degree. In this study, trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings were inoculated with Diversispora versiformis under 100 mM NaCl for 85 days. The salt stress considerably inhibited mycorrhizal colonization by 26%, compared with non-salt stress. Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, shoot biomass, and root biomass, length, surface area, and volume in comparison to non-mycorrhizal inoculation under salt stress or non-salt stress. Mycorrhization induced significantly higher production of easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EE-GRSP), and total glomalin-related soil protein (T-GRSP), higher percentage of water-stable aggregates (WSAs) in 0.25–0.50, 0.50–1.00, and 1.00–2.00 mm size, and lower in 2.00–4.00 mm size, regardless of non-salt stress or salt stress. Mycorrhizal soils represented higher aggregate stability (in terms of mean weight diameter) under salt and non-salt stress, which was related with root colonization, root surface area, root volume, EE-GRSP, and T-GRSP. The better soil structure by mycorrhization provided higher leaf water potential under salt stress. It suggests that mycorrhizas had a positive contribution to improve plant growth and soil structure, thereby enhancing salt tolerance.     

青岛小麦产区丛枝菌根真菌调查

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌是重要的种质资源.作者对青岛小麦种植区小麦根区土壤中AM真菌种类、分布、菌根侵染等状况进行调查,旨在初步了解该地区小麦产区AM真菌资源情况,为进一步开展山东省小麦主产区AM真菌群落结构及其生理生态功能奠定基础.自青岛城阳区和胶州小麦主产区采集小麦(济麦22)根围样品,共分离鉴定AM真菌4属17种,其中无梗囊霉属(Acaulospra)4种、管柄囊霉属(Funneliformis)1种、球囊霉属(Glomus)11种和巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)1种.其中,Acaulospra bireticulata、Acaulospra denticulate、Glomus geosporum、Rhizophagus intraradices和Gigaspora margarita是青岛小麦产区土壤中AM真菌的优势种.该区小麦根系AM侵染率在13%~30%之间, 2月份侵染率最高,4~5月份则最低;AM真菌孢子数量4月份最多.本研究初步明确了山东青岛地区小麦根区土壤中AM真菌发育与分布情况,为进一步探究山东麦区麦根区土壤中AM真菌分布规律,筛选促进小麦生长的AM真菌提供了条件和技术基础.     

AM真菌对烟苗生长及某些生理指标的影响

在低浓度营养液条件下,利用漂浮育苗技术培育烟苗,于播种期、小十字期、生根期分别接种不同的AM真菌,研究了它们对烟苗生长、营养和某些生理指标的影响。结果表明,越早接种AM真菌,其侵染率越高;播种期接种,侵染率达到39.2%～59.6%。AM真菌的菌根效应因菌种(株)不同而异,接种球囊霉真菌（BEG-141）后,显著增加烟苗干重、磷含量、氮磷钾吸收量、叶绿素含量,以及根系硝酸还原酶、超氧化物歧化酶和几丁质酶活性。表明在漂浮育苗技术中,播种期接种适宜的AM真菌是培育壮苗的有效措施。     

Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization at nursery-stage on growth and nutrition in wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) after transplanting under different soil fertility and water regimes

In order to analyze the effectiveness of colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at the nursery stage on the growth and nutrient concentration of wetland rice after transplanting, the experiments were conducted under glasshouse conditions using two types of soil, namely (i) sterilized paddy soil (PS) and (ii) sterilized paddy soil diluted with sterilized Andosol subsoil 5 times (DS) under two water regimes, (i) flooded conditions changed to non-flooded conditions 30 d before harvest (F-NF) and (ii) continuous flooding (CF) up to harvest. Treatments consisting of mycorrhizal inoculation (+AMF) and non-inoculation ( — AMF) were applied only at the nursery stage when the seedlings were produced under dry nursery (60% moisture of maximum water holding capacity) conditions.

Seedlings grown in PS showed a significantly higher biomass yield and nutrient concentrations than in DS. At 90 and 105 d after transplanting, the mycorrhizal plants showed a higher biomass than non-mycorrhizal plants in PS whereas there were no differences in DS except for roots. Mycorrhizal colonization at the transplanting stage was higher in DS than in PS. However, after transplanting opposite results were obtained, the level in PS being relatively higher than in DS. Grain yield and P concentration of unhulled grain and shoots in PS were higher in the +AMF treatments than in the -AMF treatments under both water regimes. Contents of micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn) were higher in the +AMF plants than in the -AMF ones at all growth stages up to maturation irrespective of soil fertility and water regimes. These results suggest that AMF inoculation at the nursery-stage was beneficial for wetland rice after transplanting to flooded conditions in terms of growth promotion and increase of nutrient concentrations.     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Diversity in Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Under Arid Agroecosystems

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with Prosopis cineraria (Khejri) were assessed for their qualitative and quantitative distribution from eight districts of Rajasthan. A total of three species of Acaulospora, one species of Entrophospora, two species of Gigaspora, twenty-one species of Glomus, seven species of Sclerocystis and three species of Scutellospora were recorded. A high diversity of AM fungi was observed and it varied at different study sites. Among these six genera, Glomus occurred most frequently. Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus aggregatum, and Glomus mosseae were found to be the most predominant AM fungi in infecting Prosopis cineraria. Acaulospora, G. fasciculatum, Sclerocystis was found in all the fields studied, while Scutellospora species were found only in few sites. A maximum of thirty-six AM fungal species were isolated and identified from Jodhpur, whereas only thirteen species were found from Jaisalmer. Spores of Glomus fasciculatum were found to be most abundant under Prosopis cineraria.     

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on mycorrhizal formation of two poplar clones (Populus trichocarpa and P. tremula x tremuloides)

Mineral fertilization is a common management practice in short rotation forestry. The mycorrhizal formation of trees can be affected by fertilizer applications, however, very little is known on such effects in arable soils. The effects of a nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization on mycorrhizal formation of two poplar clones (Populus trichocarpa and P. tremula x tremuloides) were investigated at the plantation Abbachhof (South Germany). We determined the ectomycorrhizal colonization and the abundance of VAM spores in the soil during three years, and the species richness of sporocarps during one growing season. Approximately 26 to 73% of the fine roots of P. trichocarpa and 41 to 82% of the fine roots of P. tremula x tremuloides were colonized with ectomycorrhizal fungi. The percentage of ectomycorrizal colonization on P. tremula x tremuloides was significantly reduced after both fertilization treatments. On P. trichocarpa only the P‐fertilization reduced the ectomycorrhizal colonization. The composition of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes was significantly affected by the N and P fertilization on P. tremula x tremuloides, but not on P. trichocarpa. Sporocarps of 12 ectomycorrhizal fungi species were found at the plantation. Cortinarius uliginosus, Lactarius controversus and Krombholziella aurantiaca produced sporocarps only on control plots, whereas Cortinarius croceocaeruleus, Inocybe umbrina, Laccaria tortilis, Paxillus involutus and Rhizopogon roseolus produced sporocarps only on fertilized plots. Inocybe geophylla, I. glabripes, Laccaria laccata and Tuber borchii produced sporocarps on both control and fertilized plots. The density of VAM spores was lower in the rooting zone of Populus trichocarpa than under P. tremula x tremuloides. In an efficient management of these short rotation plantations mineral fertilizer applications must be low enough to avoid undesired suppressions of mycorrhizal formation.     

接种AM真菌对黑麦草吸收和分配Cd的影响

采用盆栽实验方法模拟不同程度的Cd污染状况,研究接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对黑麦草生长和耐Cd毒性的影响。结果表明,土壤中Cd水平提高,明显增加了黑麦草的菌根侵染率,但对其生长无显著影响,表明黑麦草在磷营养和生长上对丛枝菌根真菌依赖性较小。Glomusmosseae和Glomusintaradices对Cd毒害均具有一定耐性,它们的存在明显促进了黑麦草对重金属Cd的吸收,强化了Cd在根系中的固持作用,进而减少了Cd向地上部的分配比例,减轻了Cd对地上部的毒害。这一特性对于Cd污染土壤的改良和牧草品质的保持具有重要意义。     

AM真菌提高宿主植物耐受重金属胁迫的生理机制

本文围绕重金属胁迫条件下丛枝菌根（AM）真菌的生理生态响应特征,从生理和分子水平上综述AM真菌对重金属离子吸收和控制的机理：1）AM真菌菌丝的吸附作用减缓重金属向植物地上部分的迁移,从而达到保护植物免受重金属毒害的目的;2）AM真菌的菌丝体分泌物与重金属之间的螯合作用;3）AM真菌促进宿主植物对矿质营养元素的吸收;4）调节重金属在宿主植物地上部分和地下部分的分布;5）AM真菌调节宿主植物体内抗氧化酶的活性和内源激素的水平;6）AM真菌调节参与吸收和转运重金属离子的基因的表达。综上所述,本文提出在广泛调查、筛选超累积菌根植物的基础上,不断探索植物－微生物－菌根复合体的修复机制,并结合基因工程技术,以促进重金属污染土壤的生物修复。