Effects of benomyl on vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal infection of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and consequences for phosphorus inflow.

The roots of red clover plants inoculated with the vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus clarus Nicolson & Schenck were treated with a drench of benomyl at a time when mycorrhizal infection was already well established. Benomyl halted further infection and reduced phosphorus inflow by one order of magnitude compared to untreated controls. The fungicide also decreased the rate of plant growth probably as a consequence of reduced phosphorus inflow.     

Effects of inoculation with stress-adapted arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus deserticola on growth of Solanum melogena L. and Sorghum sudanese Staph. seedlings under salinity and heavy metal stress conditions

The beneficial effects of a Glomus deserticola strain isolated from the rhizosphere of grasses (belonging to Poaceae family) growing along the industrial waste from a distillery were investigated under stress conditions. The study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal ecotype in salinity and heavy metal (HM) tolerance of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in soils amended with various stress levels of NaCl, zinc and cadmium. Mycorrhizal (M) seedlings produced a significantly (p < 0.05) greater growth response and were more tolerant to salt and HM stresses than nonmycorrhizal (NM) seedlings in all treatments. The HM contents in the plant tissues were significantly higher in M than NM eggplants. Furthermore, when the efficacy was compared with other AM isolates in HM-polluted soils with Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanese Staph.) as a test plant, the AM ecotype responded best to these soils, as evident from the significantly greater growth response and its aggressiveness in colonizing roots in all soil types tested. These results suggest that this G. deserticola ecotype can be used as an effective tool to alleviate the adverse effects of excessive salinity and HM toxicity on plant growth. Finally, the isolate may have potential in the bioremediation of polluted soils.     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation of Peanut in Low-Fertile Tropical Soil. II. Alleviation of Drought Stress

The effect of drought stress and inoculation with an indigenous Mozambican and a commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculant on root colonization and plant growth and yield was studied in two peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars—a traditional, low-yielding Mozambican landrace (Local) and a modern, high-yielding cultivar (Falcon)—grown in a non-sterile Mozambican soil. In these cultivars, AM mycorrhizal colonization was not substantially reduced by drought stress. Growth and yield of inoculated plants subjected to drought stress were increased in comparison with non-inoculated ones. The indigenous Mozambique inoculant significantly increased leaf and root growth in both cultivars under drought stress by preventing an increase in root weight ratio (RWR) and maximum root-length to leaf-area ratio (MRLAR). The commercial Hannover inoculant had a positive effect on growth only under well-watered conditions, this result was due most likely to a lesser ability to adapt to drought conditions to which the AM fungal strains in Mozambique inoculant are frequently exposed. Such drought-stress effects on growth could be alleviated by inoculation with Mozambique inoculant, particularly because of its ability to decrease sensitivity of the host plant to reduction in leaf expansion. Therefore, an adequate management of the AM symbiosis may improve peanut productivity, particularly under drought stress and in small-scale farming systems.     

Screening of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Symbiotic Efficiency with Sweet Potato

A greenhouse study was conducted to study the efficiency of 14 isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi isolated from a local agricultural soil on the productivity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). The different AM fungi enhanced the biomass and nutritional status of sweet potato seedlings to different extents. The genus Glomus was more effective than Acaulospora or Scutellospora. Efficiency also varied among isolates of Glomus irrespective of individual host plant or location of origin. Intraspecific differences were sometimes greater than interspecific differences. Benefits deriving from fungal isolates were positively correlated with the root-colonization rate and the abundance of extraradical propagules of the AM fungi. Taking plant yield parameters, nutritional status of the plants, and fungal attributes into consideration, GEGM (Glomus etunicatum together with Glomus mosseae) and GE6 (Glomus etunicatum) were the most effective AM symbionts for sweet potato under the experimental conditions.     

Various Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Dry Weights,P and Zn Uptake of Four Pistacia Species

Pistacia is a common wild plant in the Southeast Anatolia part of Turkey. The experiment was planned to screen and select the most suitable arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) for enhancing Pistacia species seedling growth by improving phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) uptake. This study was carried out under greenhouse condition at the Department of Soil Science, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey. Two genotypes from each of P. vera (cvs ‘Siirt’ and ‘Kirmizi’), P. eurycarpa, P. atlantica, and P. terebinthus species were tested with ten different mycorrhizal species. Plants were grown in a growth medium with a mixture of sand, soil and compost with 6:3:1 ratio, respectively. Seedling plants were harvested after eight months and transplanted to pots. There were significant differences between Pistacia species in growth, nutrient uptake and the percentage of mycorrhizal infection. Also mycorrhizal species were different in terms of enhancing plant growth and nutrient uptake. The results were that Siirt, Genotype 08, 11, 13, and 14 gave a high response to the mycorrhizal inoculation and Glomus clarium gave the best improvements in growth and nutrition, resulting in greater plant biomass and Zn and P uptake. Following this, G. etunicatum, G. intraradices, G. caledonium, and G. mosseae species were effective species. In general, G. mosseae and G. fasciculatum mycorrhizae enhanced plant growth; G. clarium was the most efficient species in terms of P and Zn uptake.

It has been concluded that these mycorrhizae species significantly enhance the Pistacia plant growth and nutrient uptake. Also using AM fungi in the pistachio nursery should be taken into consideration for better seedling production. Further work needs to be done to determine how much inoculum is needed for sufficient inoculation and how the mycorrhizal seedlings can be adapted under field conditions especially under drought and high calcareous marginal soil conditions.     

ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI SPECIES IN LONG-TERM SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

Soil fertility management systems (SFMS) can influence the community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Hence, long-term SFMS was studied. The SFMS comprised three legume combinations, urea application and solely maize as control. Spores were extracted by wet sieving, characterized and identified using their morphology. Interrelationships between cropping systems and occurrence of AMF species were analyzed with genotype by environment (GGE) biplot. Seventeen species were identified with Glomus species (47.05%) having highest value while Gigaspora species had the least (11.76%). Legume residues significantly (P < 0.05) increased spore population with the highest spore count (120 spores/100 g soil) obtained in plot under cowpea residue. Shannon Weiner index (H′) of maize/Lablab purpureus plot was highest (1.996) while that of sole maize system was the least (1.550). The GGE indicated Glomus intraradices as a stable species across all the SFMS. Community structure of AMF and function can be preserved using appropriate SFMS.     

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌扩培技术研究进展

AM真菌在没有植物共生的情况下还无法像其他种类真菌一样在培养基上纯培养,这一问题极大地限制了对AM真菌的基础研究和应用研究。为了明确不同丛枝菌根(AM)真菌培养的特点,最终实现AM真菌的纯培养目标,本文归纳并比较了AM真菌与完整植物体共生培养的方法,包括土壤盆栽法、营养液膜法、汽雾栽培法、培养基培养法;总结了AM真菌与植物根系双重培养的方式,包括原生根培养和转化根培养。同时提出了相关后续的研究重点,以期为AM真菌培养及共生机制研究提供参考。     

红壤区林下侵蚀劣地土壤碳氮及球囊霉素对接种AM真菌的响应

南方红壤区林下侵蚀劣地近地表植被覆盖度低,导致林下水土流失严重。接种AM真菌能够促进植被生长,改善土壤肥力,进而可以减少土壤侵蚀。以马尾松退化林地为对象,设置引种灌木(S)和引种灌木并接菌(S+AMF)2个处理,研究AM真菌接种对林下侵蚀劣地土壤碳氮及球囊霉素的影响。结果表明:接菌近1年后,菌根侵染率(MCR)在S+AMF处理的坡上部和全坡位上显著S处理(P0.05);SOC、TN、SMBC、EE-GRSP和T-GRSP含量在S+AMF处理的坡下部均显著坡中部(P0.05),而在S处理下各坡位差异均不显著(P0.05);AN、SMBN和pH在各处理不同坡位差异均不显著(P0.05);与未接菌S处理相比,接菌(S+AMF)处理对MCR、SOC、TN、SMBC、SMBN、EE-GRSP、T-GRSP、AN和pH的平均贡献率分别为43.83%±15.10%,5.33%±1.57%,14.69%±7.92%,27.88%±4.89%,39.25%±4.82%,6.90%±2.56%,12.47%±7.95%,-13.18%±6.63%和-0.71%±2.74%。简单相关和逐步回归分析表明,MCR、SOC、TN、SMBC、SMBN和球囊霉素之间呈显著正相关(P0.05),TN、SMBC和MCR解释了SOC 80.5%的变异,SOC、SMBC、SMBN和MCR共同解释了TN 90.4%的变异,而TN、SMBN、pH和MCR解释了AN 48.9%的变异,说明接菌提高了紫穗槐根系的菌根侵染率,从而间接促进了林下土壤碳氮及球囊霉素的增加,为有效改善林下侵蚀劣地土壤质量和促进植被恢复有重要的意义。     

菌根与间作对紫色土-水界面氮流失的削减效应

揭示土著丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)与间作对紫色土-水界面各形态氮流失的削减效应,可为保护水环境、减缓紫色土坡耕地氮流失带来的农业面源污染提供理论依据。通过自然降雨条件下的径流模拟试验,设置不同种植模式(单作玉米、玉米/大豆间作、单作大豆)和不同菌根处理(抑菌、未抑菌),在雨季不同时间采集7次径流和侧渗水样,分析比较各不同处理下径流及侧渗各氮形态变化迁移特征。研究结果表明,侧渗即壤中流为紫色土-水界面氮素流失的主要途径,硝态氮为紫色土-水界面氮素流失的主要形态。随取样时间后延,径流总氮、硝态氮浓度均呈现出波浪式上升的趋势,而铵态氮浓度整体表现出先上升再下降的趋势;侧渗总氮浓度趋势则呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,硝态氮浓度整体表现出下降后趋于平缓的趋势,铵态氮浓度则表现出先上升后下降并趋于平缓的趋势。所有复合处理中,未抑菌—间作处理的径流、侧渗及总流失量中总氮、铵态氮浓度均最低,且其径流、总流失量中硝态氮浓度也明显低于其他处理。在未抑菌处理下,与单作玉米、单作大豆处理相比,间作处理使径流和侧渗总氮浓度分别下降约13.4%、20.3%和56.5%、48.7%,总流失量中总氮浓度分别下降约50.1%和43.5%;使径流和总流失量中的硝态氮浓度分别降低约10.0%、16.7%和51.3%、42.9%;并使径流和总流失量中铵态氮浓度分别显著降低约10.5%、26.0%和21.7%、30.2%,侧渗铵态氮浓度也相应降低约29.6%和33.7%。可见土著菌根真菌与玉米/大豆间作体系对协同削减紫色土-水界面氮素的流失表现出了较大的潜力。