Introgression of disease resistance genes from Arachis kempff-mercadoi into cultivated groundnut

Arachis kempff‐mercadoi is a wild species from the section Arachis. All kempff‐mercadoi accessions originate from the Santa Cruz province of Bolivia and they represent Arachis species with the A genome. From molecular analysis it was found that although cultivated A. hypogaea is made up of A and B genomes, A. kempff‐mercadoi may not be as closely related to it as are some of the other A genome species. Arachis kempff‐mercadoi is of interest because it has multiple disease resistance. It was crossed with a Spanish A. hypogaea cultivar which is susceptible to foliar diseases and to the insect pest Spodoptera litura. The success rate of the cross A. hypogaea (2n = 40) ×A. kempff‐mercadoi (2n = 20) was very low, but it could be increased by culturing immature seeds in vitro. Although the hybrids were triploids, a few fertile pollen grains were obtained due to the formation of restitution nuclei in the F₁ plants. Interspecific derivatives at the BC₂F₂ generation were scored for early leaf spot, late leaf spot and to Spodoptera damage. Screening results showed that 29% of the derivatives had both early and late leaf spot resistance and that less than 5% of the derivatives had resistance to both the foliar diseases and to Spodoptera.     

不同碳源·氮源对花生网斑病生长的影响

[目的]探讨不同碳源、氮源对花生网斑病（Phoma arachidicola Marasas Pauer ＆ Boerema）菌丝生长的影响。[方法]以花生网斑病病菌菌种为供试材料,比较了在不同碳源、氮源培养基处理下花生网斑病菌丝的生长速率。[结果]适宜菌落生长的最适碳源为果糖、山梨醇,其次为可溶性淀粉、木糖;适宜菌落生长的最适氮源为硝酸钙,其次为硝酸钾、甘氨酸。[结论]该研究可为研究花生网斑病的发生机理提供理论基础。     

Potential for Incorporation of Early and Late Leafspot Resistance in Peanut*

A detached leaf technique was used to evaluate components of resistance to both early and late leafspot caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk, and Curt.) Deighton, respectively, for F₂ plants of two peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crosses (FESR 5-P2-B1 /PI 269685 and PI 35068Q/GP-NC 343), No negative correlations were obtained when comparing components of resistance to early leafspot with components of resistance to late leafspot, indicating that the resistances are inherited independently. A small number of F₂ plants had greater partial resistance to both leafspots than their parents when evaluated by an index including percent necrotic area, latent period and sporulation. Broad sense heritabilities of resistance components were moderate to high (0.4 to 0.8) for the F₂ populations. A visual sporulation rating scale was significantly correlated (0.8 to 0.9) with conidia per lesion and conidia per necrotic area. The data suggest that peanut cultivars resistant to both leafspots can be developed.     

利用几丁质酶活性鉴定花生对网斑病和黄曲霉抗性的研究

通过室内接菌鉴定不同花生品种(系)对网斑病和黄曲霉菌的抗感性水平,同时测定花生组织几丁质内切酶、外切酶、总酶活性,验证了酶活与花生抗感病间的相关性。结果表明:几丁质外切酶活性在诱导前后与花生黄曲霉感病指数间的相关性均较高,分别达到0.9285、0.9284,可作为鉴定花生品种抗感黄曲霉的指标;几丁质总酶活经诱导后与花生网斑病的感病指数相关性高,达到0.959,可作为鉴定花生品种抗网斑病的指标。     

花生根瘤内生细菌对花生黑斑病和褐斑病拮抗作用的初步研究

本试验从花生根瘤内分离出38株内生细菌,平板对峙试验结果表明：大汶口1、X2-8-（1）和12-（2）三种内生细菌对褐斑病菌和黑斑病菌都具有较好的抑制作用。     

不同抗性花生感染网斑病菌的酶活性及丙二醛含量变化

研究表明,接种网斑病菌后花生植株体内发生了一系列的生理变化。花生接种网斑病菌后叶片的叶绿素含量下降,光合强度降低。植株体内的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量均较对照有所提高,而且抗病品种群育101的SOD酶和POD酶活性值高于感病品种鲁花8号,但MDA含量低于鲁花8号。     

花生褐斑病和网斑病田间混发流行过程及其产量损失研究

 通过田间小区人工接种试验,分析比较了花生褐斑病和网斑病单独及混合发生的流行过程及对花生产量损失的影响。结果表明,在病害混发初期,病害间无明显的相关性,随着病情加重,病害间的负相关性逐渐增大并达到显著水平,说明病害间有明显的抑制作用。在不同生育期接种发病情况有所差异,在开花初期和盛花期接种,褐斑病和网斑病的病情较重,而在开花末期接种的病情较轻,但都能表现病害间的抑制作用。病害混发时造成的产量损失小于各病害单独造成损失之和,对白沙1016和四粒红接种2种病菌,病害混合发生所造成产量损失约为各病害单独引起损失之和的77.2% ~ 85.7%和76.1% ~ 79.6%。在不同生育期接种2种病菌,2个品种产量的损失均随着侵染时期的推迟而逐渐降低。     

贝莱斯芽胞杆菌BP-1筛选、鉴定及其对花生网斑病的田间防效评价

为获得用于防治花生网斑病的有效生防资源,从阜新、沈阳、锦州等辽宁花生主产区采集到健康叶片60份,采用稀释涂布平板法分离获得微生物563株,其中细菌435株,真菌98株,放线菌30株.其中对花生网斑病菌具有良好抑制作用的菌株共34株,抑制作用最强的为菌株BP-1,其对花生网斑病菌的抑菌带宽度达27.0 mm.抑菌谱试验表...     

花生网斑病原菌孢子差异及其致病力分析

花生网斑病（peanut web blotch），由花生亚隔孢壳菌（Didymella arachidicola）引起，病原菌又称花生茎点霉（Phoma arachidicola）或派伦霉（Peyronella arachidicola），在我国南北的各大花生产区均有发生，已成为生产上严重的叶部病害。为筛选产孢效率高、致病力强的菌株，研究病原菌进化机制和环境适应性，从来自不同地区的花生网斑病叶片样本中分离病原菌菌株，研究分生孢子及致病力差异。结果表明，18个菌株中YY187的产孢时间最短，22℃黑暗条件下燕麦琼脂培养基培养7 d即可产孢；菌株YY187和NY206产生的分生孢子器数量显著多于其它菌株；采用孢子悬浮液接种花生叶片，供试所有菌株均可造成叶片发病，其中菌株LY128和YY187在供试18个菌株中致病力相对较强。因此，综合评价产孢效率更高、致病力更强的本地菌株YY187适合作为花生抗网斑病研究的材料。