小叶女贞叶提取物对脲酶的抑制作用

以小叶女贞叶的水提物对脲酶的抑制作用进行研究,目的在于开发一种低廉优质的植物性脲酶抑制剂,同时也是对废弃物的再利用。从小叶女贞的叶片中提取并分离了抑制脲酶的活性部分(LQE),收得率为5.92%。LQE对刀豆脲酶有较强的抑制作用,5 mgLQE与76.3 mg硼砂的抑制效果相当。LQE对脲酶的抑制作用随着温度的升高(4~60℃)而增强。pH5.5~9.0范围内,LQE有明显的抑制脲酶的活性,而且中性和碱性环境中LQE的抑制率高于酸性环境。加入β-巯基乙醇(2-Me)后,脲酶的活性恢复,说明LQE是通过与脲酶的-SH发生作用而导致脲酶的活性降低。LQE可以有效抑制不同土壤中脲酶的活性,延缓尿素的水解,并且其抑制程度随用量的增加而提高。小叶女贞广泛分布于中国,有耐修剪、生长快、低廉、环保等优越性能,因此可以利用其叶片提取物降低土壤脲酶的活性,提高尿素的利用率,减少环境污染。     

3种植物提取物对小麦茎秆性状、光合特性及产量的影响

【目的】研究苦豆子(Sophraalopecuroides)、孜然(Cuminum cyminum)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)3种植物甲醇提取物对小麦的生长调节作用,为新型植物源生长调节剂的研制提供依据。【方法】选用春小麦品种新春44号为材料,以清水处理为对照,将苦豆子、孜然和苦草甲醇提取物浸膏分别制备成3种不同浓度(1%、0.1%、0.01%)的溶液,于小麦拔节前期连续喷施3次,分析小麦株高等茎秆性状、光合特性及产量等相关指标的影响;采用主成分分析法,筛选并评价植物提取物的生物活性。【结果】0.01%苦豆子甲醇提取物处理后,小麦基部第1、2、3节间长度分别降低27.8%、13.4%、4.5%;茎粗分别增加9.4%、16.1%、14.3%;基部3节IAA含量提高16.2%;基部3节ABA含量降低7.9%;株高降低5.6%;旗叶净光合速率增加3.9%;旗叶SPAD值增加6.2%;千粒重、籽粒重量、容重分别增加2.8%、24.7%和3.6%。0.01%苦豆子处理效果显著优于其他处理组。【结论】苦豆子、孜然和苦草3种低浓度甲醇提取物对小麦均具有不同程度的生长调控作用,能缩短节间长度和增加茎粗,增强小麦抗倒伏能力,降低小麦株高的作用,改善田间的通风透光条件,提高旗叶光合作用,提高光能利用率和作物产量。0.01%苦豆子处理效果最优,0.01%孜然甲醇提取物次之。     

蜈蚣草甲醇提取物的抗氧化活性研究

以蜈蚣草为试材,甲醇为溶剂,采用渗漉法浸提蜈蚣草,结合GC–MS对蜈蚣草甲醇提取物成分进行检测,并对蜈蚣草提取物的抗氧化性进行研究。结果表明:蜈蚣草甲醇提取物中酯类成分最多,占54.22%;其次为醇类物质,占24.03%;酮类、酸类和吲哚类物质含量较少,依次为10.44%、6.73%和1.34%;总黄酮含量为4.81%;蜈蚣草提取物对DPPH自由基的清除率最强,半数效应浓度(EC50)为0.15 mg/m L,脂质过氧化抑制作用、超氧阴离子、羟基自由基和过氧化氢清除作用的EC50分别为6.55、0.09、4.11、0.45 mg/m L。     

金银花叶提取物对棘胸蛙烂皮病治疗效果的探讨

研究了金银花(Lonicera japonica)叶不同溶剂提取物对棘胸蛙(Rana spinosa)烂皮病治疗效果的影响。首先制备金银花叶的水提物与醇提物,分别用终浓度为16 mg/m L的水提物和醇提物浸浴患病蝌蚪,比较蝌蚪的存活量和平均体重。结果表明,金银花叶醇提物治疗组的蝌蚪存活数量远高于金银花叶水提物治疗组。说明金银花叶的醇提物对患病蝌蚪有较好的治疗效果。     

七种植物提取物对猪油的抗氧化性研究

为了研究甘草、花生壳等天然提取物的抗氧化活性，采用查理烘箱法高温诱导猪油发生过氧化反应。测定其过氧化值作为评价抗氧化性能的依据。结果表明：七种天然提取物皆可有效地延缓猪油的过氧化反应，且在0．05％～0．2％浓度范围内其抗氧化能力随添加量的增加而增强。甘草、花生壳、核桃叶提取物的抗氧化活性较强，甘草添加量为0．2％以下时与0．2％茶多酚及n位相当，当甘草添加量为0．2％时抗氧化性已超过了0．2％的茶多酚。为更深入的研究和开发本地区天然抗氧化剂提供参考依据。     

杜仲提取物对三黄鸡生产性能和胴体品质的影响

为探明杜仲提取物在肉鸡日粮中的适宜添加量,选用1日龄健康三黄鸡150只,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,分别饲喂5种不同日粮,第5组为空白对照组,第1,2,3,4组为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加1500,2000,2500g／t的杜仲提取物或50mg／kg的黄霉素（效价为8％）．试验分两个阶段饲养（0-4周龄和5～10周龄）．试鸡自由采食和饮水．结果表明,日粮中添加杜仲提取物能显著提高三黄鸡平均日增重,提高饲料转化率,改善三黄鸡胴体品质,且能明显提高胸肌率．建议在肉鸡日粮中添加2000-2500g／t的杜仲提取物．     

荔枝草农用活性初步研究

研究了荔枝草乙醇提取物及其萃取物的抑菌、除草活性。结果表明,荔枝草乙醇提取物对27种供试病原真菌均有一定抑制作用。乙醇提取物在浓度为0．03g／mL（以干材料计）时,对苹果腐烂病菌、葡萄白腐病菌、瓜果腐霉病菌的抑制率分别达到89．09％、91．12％、92．59％;荔枝草乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌、葡萄白腐病菌、瓜果腐霉病菌抑制效果最好,其EC50分别为0．24、0．29、0.12mg/mL;荔枝草乙醇提取物对几种杂草也有很好的抑制效果,在浓度为0．2g／mL时,对生菜、反枝苋、黄瓜的抑制率分别为93．65％、92．76％和97．57％。     

苍耳素Ⅲ-1的分离纯化及鉴定

以黄瓜枯萎病菌为供试菌,采用生物活性示踪法,对苍耳丙酮提取物Ⅲ-1的抑菌成分进行分离.结果表明:苍耳丙酮提取液Ⅲ-1对黄瓜枯萎病菌有抑制作用的有效成分主要集中在2~7、9~11和19、21等10个流份中,其中流份5的抑制率达到51.00%;通过薄层层析分离和GC-MS联用仪鉴定,发现苍耳素Ⅲ-1的主要抑菌成分有呋喃甲醛、5-羟甲基糠醛、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮等.     

马齿苋提取物对枸杞蚜虫毒杀和拒食活性的研究(英文)

[Objective] The experiment studied on insecticidal and antifeedant action of on Portulaca oleracea L.to provide theoretical basis for developing a new botanical insecticide by taking Portulaca oleracea L.as a raw material.[Method] The insecticidal activities of the ethanol extracts and 5 kinds of extracts with petroleum ether,chloroform,ethyl acetate,n-butanol,water from Portulaca oleracea L..against Aphis sp.was studied;Leaves are using drug treatments of 5 extracts anti-feedant activity of Aphis sp.[Result] The results showed that 95% ethanol extract displayed high contact activity to Aphis sp.The corrected mortality after 48 h reached 95.4 % under the concentration of 50.00 mg·ml-1 and the insecticidal activities of 5 extracts against Aphis sp.was in the order that petroleum ether > chloroform > n-butanol > ethyl acetate >water.Five kinds of anti-feeding activity in the extract of the order for the water> ethyl acetate> n-butanol > chloroform >petroleum ether.[Conclusion] The extract from Portulaca oleracea L.has a strong contact toxicity of pesticide active on Aphis sp.substances and for a small polar compounds,the strong anti-feeding activity is a kind of larger polar compounds.     

Phenotypic characterisation of Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella strains isolated from grapevines: enzyme production and virulence of extra-cellular filtrate on grapevine calluses

Extra-cellular enzyme production of different Phaeoacremonium spp. and Phaemoniella chlamydospora isolates were used to assay the possibility of inter-specific characterisation. Isolates of Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, Phaeoacremonium angustius, P. viticola and Ph. chlamydospora were grown on solid media and the activities of extra-cellular amylases, lipases, proteases, cellulases, xylanases, laccase, polygalacturonase, pectate lyase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, urease and chitinase were assayed. Phaeoacremonium species showed activities of a larger number of enzymes and also enzyme activity was frequently higher suggesting that Phaeoacremonium can be more virulent. To assay if the produced extra-cellular enzymes could reflect the virulence capacity of the two genera, calluses of Vitis vinifera L. (cvs. Baga and Maria Gomes) and of a rootstock (R3309) were inoculated with filtrated culture liquid medium of three isolates of Ph. chlamydospora and one of P. angustius. Filtrates from all strains decreased callus growth and membrane integrity, while soluble protein content of calluses decreased with the strains CAP 054 and 1AS. P. angustius (CAP 054) induced the more severe symptoms in all genotypes. Water content decreased together with an increase of osmolality in both cultivars but not in rootstock suggesting that osmorregulatory capacity is more affected in cultivars. Data show that: (1) Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella genera have different patterns of extra- cellular enzymatic production; (2) these fungi produce extra-cellular compound(s) that induce(s) senescence symptoms in plant cells inhibiting callus proliferation; (3) among the strains tested in plant calluses the most virulent isolate (CAP 054) also produced higher amounts of some extra-cellular enzymes; (5) rootstock calluses were less sensitive to inoculation than grapevine calluses.