Generation and alteration of norlignans in a transition zone during the drying of a Cryptomeria japonica log

Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) produces secondary metabolite norlignans in xylem. Several norlignans are involved in the coloration of heartwood and defense of sapwood against microbial invasion. Their biosynthetic process should be well understood so that their properties can be exploited to improve the quality and utility of C. japonica wood. Unfortunately, information on the norlignan biosynthesis is limited because norlignans are mainly synthesized in a particular season in the transition zone (TZ) along with the heartwood formation, and is difficult to study. Although the generation of two norlignans of C. japonica, agatharesinol and (E)-hinokiresinol, has been reported, systems for producing other norlignans are not yet known. To establish a novel norlignan generating system, we examined the changes occurring in norlignans in a TZ during the process of drying a C. japonica log. On the day of felling, the TZ contained agatharesinol and (E)-hinokiresinol, which increased until they reached a maximum on day 40 after felling. Sequirin-C appeared on day 40 and increased to day 70. The generation of sequirin-C in the TZ can be used to investigate the biosynthetic process of heartwood norlignans. This study describes for the first time the changes that occur in the composition of norlignan during the drying of the TZ.     

土壤-植被系统演变对生物防沙工程的影响

包兰铁路横穿腾格里沙漠的沙坡头段 ,全长近 5 0km ,这里年降水量 186mm ,流动沙丘相对高度 2 0m以上 ,以 4m·a- 1 的速度向东南方向移动。无灌溉条件下、工程措施与生物措施相结合的防沙固沙工程体系始建于195 6年 ,近半个世纪以来该体系确保了包兰铁路的畅通无阻 ,累计经济效益逾百亿人民币。虽然当初的建设者充分考虑了耐旱的乡土树种、有效的工程固沙系统 ,但很难想到几十年后的土壤 -植被系统的演变会危及整个防护体系的稳定性。植被在从人工系统向自然系统的演变中经历了覆盖度从增加到减少的自疏过程、从灌木到半灌木到草本的变化 ,其降低风速和防风的功能减弱 ;土壤从流动风沙土发育成钙积旱成土 ,地表生物结皮发育 ,增加了表土的抗风蚀的能力 ;土壤 -植被系统的演变使得降水在生态系统中的再分配过程已经彻底改变 ,并由于防护林体系配置不完善 ,在 5 0～ 5 0 0cm的土层深度一个生物成因的干旱层逐渐形成 ,新的水分平衡格局明显威胁到现有的防风固沙体系。     

湖南借母溪自然保护区两栖动物区系研究

报道了借母溪自然保护区两栖动物资源和区系特征的调查结果。已知有2目8科25种。广布种5种，古北界种1种，东洋界19种。进而进行区系分析和多样性分析。     

林区旅游资源产品化研究

林区是旅游资源的富集区,具有发展旅游业的潜力。但是,由于市场观念的缺乏,其资源优势并未转化为产品优势与经济优势,旅游资源产品化成为林区旅游发展的首要任务。本文剖析了旅游资源与旅游产品关系,在分析林区旅游资源产品化的背景及其旅游资源开发的优势与障碍的基础上,提出了林区旅游资源产品化的战略构想与策略。     

永康工业区绿化现状及发展对策

分析了永康市工业园区绿化现状及存在问题,提出了实行绿化"三同时"制度(同时规划设计、同时施工、同时验收),选用乡土树种、彩叶树种绿化,建成生态工业区、观光工业区的工业区绿化发展对策.     

Comparison of image and rapid field assessments of riparian zone condition in Australian tropical savannas

Suitable methods for measuring and monitoring the condition of riparian environments are being investigated by government agencies responsible for maintaining these environments in Australia. The objective of this work was to compare two riparian condition assessment approaches, the Tropical Rapid Appraisal of Riparian Condition (TRARC) method developed for rapid on-ground assessment of the environmental condition of savanna riparian zones and an image based riparian condition monitoring scheme. Measurements derived from these two approaches were compared and correlated. The sample representativeness of the TRARC method was evaluated and the cost-effectiveness and suitability for multi-temporal analysis of the two approaches were assessed. Two high spatial resolution multi-spectral QuickBird satellite images captured in 2004 and 2005 and coincident field data covering sections of the Daly River in the Northern Territory, Australia were used in this work. Both field and image data were processed to map indicators of riparian zone condition including percentage canopy cover, organic litter on the ground, canopy continuity, tree clearing, bank stability, and flood damage. Spectral vegetation indices, image segmentation, and supervised classification were used to produce riparian health indicator maps. QuickBird image data were used to examine if the spatial distribution of TRARC transects provided a representative sample of ground based estimates of riparian health indicators. Covering approximately 3% of the study area, the sample mean of the TRARC estimates of individual indicators of riparian zone condition were in most cases within 20% of the global mean derived from the whole imaged riparian area. The cost-effectiveness of the image based approach was compared to that of the ground based TRARC method. Results showed that the TRARC method was more cost-effective at spatial scales from 1 km to 200 km of river in relatively homogeneous riparian zones along rivers with only one channel, while image based assessment becomes more feasible at regional scales (200–2000 km of river). A change detection analysis demonstrated that image data can provide detailed information on gradual change, while the TRARC method is less suited for multi-temporal analysis due to the ranked data format, which inhibits precise detection of change. However, results from both methods were considered to complement each other for single date assessment of riparian zones if used at appropriate spatial scales.     

湖北乔灌复层防火林带模式研究

通过对湖北乔灌复层防火林带的研究表明:1、乔灌复层防火林带中乔、灌不同树种对土壤、气候等环境条件的要求相同或近似,灌木树种要有一定的耐阴能力,防火树种以乡土树种为主。2、防火林带内树种的基本配置方式有凸形配置和凹形配置2种,二者各有优势,在实际应用中,应根据具体情况综合运用,以提高林带防火能力。3、林带走向应与防火季节主风向垂直,在湖北绝大多数林带的走向以东西向为宜,林中应设计与坡向垂直的林带,林带造林密度大于常规造林密度。     

A Study on Water Exchange in Root Zone of ProtectiveForest Ecosystem in Loess Area

ＡＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＷａｔｅｒＥｘｃｈａｎｇｅｉｎＲｏｏｔＺｏｎｅｏｆＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｖｅＦｏｒｅｓｔＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｎＬｏｅｓｓＡｒｅａＹｕＸｉｎｘｉａｏＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＳｏｉｌａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎｓｅｒｒａｔｉｏｎ，ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＦｏｒｅｓｔ...     

Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with bark beetles onAbies veitchii in wave-regenerated forests

Relationships between tree mortality and bark beetle infestation onAbies veitchii at the wave-regenerated forest in Mt. Asahi, Okuchichibu area were investigated. Most of the firs with green needles and newly developed current year’s shoots in the dieback zone were heavily infested by bark beetles before the death of the trees. After heavy infestation of beetles, about half of the infested firs died within the year, and the other half died in the next year. When the species composition of bark beetles and associated ophiostomatoid fungi were investigated in Mt. Asahi and also at a typical wave-regenerated forest in Mt. Shimagare, Yatsugatake area,Cryphalus montanus andC. piceae were dominant beetle species for Mt. Asahi and Mt. Shimagare, respectively.Ophiostoma subalpinum andO. europhioides were dominant fungal species at both wave-generated forests. BecauseO. subalpinum was detected more frequently from deeper areas of sapwood thanO. europhioides, it was suggested that the fungal species may accelerate the death of stressed firs in wave-regenerated forests. Contribution No. 169, Laboratory of Plant Parasitic Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba.     

神农架地区珍衡植物沿河岸带的分布格局

Due to the importance of riparian zone in maintaining and protecting regional biodiversity, increasingly more ecologists paid their attentions to riparian zone and had been aware of the important effects of riparian zone in basic study and practical management. In this study, 42 sampling belts (10 m×100m) parallel to the bank of Xiangxi River at different elevations in Shennongjia Area were selected to investigate the riparian vegetation and rare plants. 14 species of rare plants were found distributing in riparian zone, accounting for 42.4% of the total rare plant species in Shennongjia Area. The main distribution range of the 14 rare plant species was the evergreen and deciduous mixed broadleaved forest at elevation of 1200–1800 m, where, species diversity of plant community was the maximum at the moderate elevation. The analysis of TWINSPAN divided the 14 rare species into 3 groups against the elevation, namely low elevation species group, moderate elevation species group, and high elevation species group. The analysis of DCA ordination showed similar results to that of TWINSPAN. In the paper, the authors discussed the reasons forming the distribution pattern of rare plant species, and pointed out that the important function of riparian zone on rare plant species protection. Foundation item: This project was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC39970123), and Changbai Mountain Open Research Station, Chinese Acadamy of Science. Biography: JIANG Ming-xi (1965-), male, associate professor in Wuhan Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai