Ditch communities: a major contributor to floodplain biodiversity

• 1. Chalk stream floodplains are extensively managed and the high degree of connectivity associated with water meadows has been severely reduced. The main contributor to aquatic biodiversity is perceived to be the river itself. Ditches in these areas have been largely ignored as a contributor to total diversity.
• 2. Separate surveys of instream, bankside and ditch macroinvertebrates in a small area of floodplain provided a unique opportunity to assess the relative contribution of each locality to total aquatic diversity. The fauna and flora of a ditch on the lower River Frome floodplain was examined and compared with studies of adjacent bankside and instream habitat. A total of 145 macroinvertebrate taxa and 61 plant species were recorded from the ditch. Faunal abundance and richness were positively related to the diversity of aquatic plants. The ditch showed a clear linear trend in community type that appeared to be partly related to the acidic seepage from tertiary deposits at the source and percentage cover of vegetation.
• 3. There were large differences in the numbers of taxa collected in ditch, bankside, instream mesohabitat and RIVPACS surveys. Of the total 202 taxa recorded in the four surveys, the ditch contributed 59 unique taxa with 25 from the bankside and two and three from the mesohabitat and RIVPACS surveys, respectively.
• 4. The large contribution of the Rushton Ditch to aquatic biodiversity on the floodplain is due to three main factors: the chemically different and slow‐flowing environment, the connection to the main river, and a management regime which has halted hydroseral succession at a point where vegetation structure is for the most part open and able to support a wide range of ecological niches. The maintenance of these conditions requires sensitive management and further knowledge of the needs and interactions of faunal communities with vegetation.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

缓沉性水产膨化饲料加工工艺参数优化

该研究旨在研究不同加工工艺参数对缓沉性水产膨化饲料品质指标的影响规律,优化缓沉性水产膨化饲料的加工工艺参数。采用中心组合试验设计,选取调质物料含水率、膨化机螺杆转速和模头温度3个因素,吨料开孔面积固定为450 mm2/(t·h),调质物料含水率在23%～27%,模头温度范围在100～140 ℃,膨化机螺杆转速范围在180～300 r/min,对加工工艺参数进行优化。试验结果表明：随着调质物料含水率的升高,膨化饲料的容重逐渐降低,膨化率逐渐升高,在螺杆转速相同的条件下,不同模头温度的沉降速度的差异逐渐增大。随着模头温度的升高,膨化饲料的容重逐渐降低,膨化率逐渐升高,沉降速度逐渐降低,10 min沉水率先升高后降低。随着螺杆转速的增大,能耗逐渐升高,在调质物料含水率为23%～25%时,初始沉水率逐渐增大;当调质物料含水率大于25%时,10 min沉水率呈现先减小后增大的趋势。调质物料含水率和螺杆转速的交互项与初始沉水率呈负相关。调质物料含水率和模头温度的交互项与10 min内下沉率呈负相关。优化工艺参数：调质物料含水率为27%,模头温度110.68 ℃,螺杆转速265 r/min,在此条件下,平均容重为533.17 g/L,沉降速度为7.10 cm/s,初始沉水率为70.33%,10 min沉水率为99.00%。研究结果可为饲料企业生产缓沉性水产膨化饲料提供参考依据。     

基于区块链跨链技术的水产品交易模型研究

为解决现有水产品供应链中各企业环节的区块链间信息孤岛的问题以及实现各企业间的安全交易,提出了基于区块链跨链技术的水产品交易模型。在分析水产品供应链交易业务流程的基础上,针对水产品跨链交易的功能需求,构建基于跨链技术的水产品交易模型;基于此模型设计跨链交易流程及相应的智能合约,实现水产品供应链中企业间的跨链交易;最后,利用Hyperledger Fabric平台实现了水产品跨链交易模型的原型系统。系统性能测试结果表明,平均交易成功率为99%左右,而平均交易延迟为0.2s左右。因此,所提出的水产品跨链交易模型既能够满足现有水产品供应链在区块链链上交易的需求,也保证了跨链交易的可行性。     

水产品食品安全信息知识库系统的研究

食品安全问题是水产业健康发展的基本保证,正受到越来越多的关注.本文针对目前存在的问题,从水产品食品安全信息知识库系统的需求分析入手,根据结构化设计流程,对水产品食品需求的食品安全知识库系统进行了研究.该系统对水产业的信息化发展有一定的实际意义.     

农田汇水河道水生植物原位净化工程处理效果分析

为了研究水生植物原位净化工程处理效果,于2017年5—11月,在江苏省泗洪县四河乡的农田汇水河道,利用水葫芦和绿狐尾藻构建组合生态浮床,沿着水流方向设置4个水质采样点,每月监测水体基本理化指标,主要包括水温(T)、酸碱度(pH)、溶解氧(DO)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))、悬浮物(SS),分析河段水质沿程变化;在试验开始时、每次采收时监测单位面积植物生物量,干物质含量与氮磷含量,计算植物氮磷富集量。结果显示:植物种养后,沿程各采样点数据对比,水体pH值逐渐趋于中性;各采样时间数据对比,水体DO浓度呈升高趋势。在植物旺盛生长期(7—10月),组合生态浮床对河段水体TN、TP、COD和SS的沿程总消减率分别为50.41%～78.00%、44.62%～73.33%、46.15%～57.82%和33.33%～52.38%,其中最高值出现在8月。按照有效试验周期180 d(5—10月)计算,水葫芦的氮、磷去除量分别约为0.76 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)和0.09 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1);绿狐尾藻的氮、磷去除量分别约为1.17 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)和0.08 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。除了植物自身的吸收作用,根系微生物降解作用在污染物净化过程中也发挥了重要作用。在农田汇水河道原位净化工程中,水葫芦与绿狐尾藻组合生态浮床大幅消减水体氮磷浓度,有效降解有机物及拦截颗粒物,对于缓解下游水域富营养化问题具有积极的意义。     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

Detection of transgenic DNA in tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus, GIFT strain) fed genetically modified soybeans (Roundup Ready)

We used nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Roundup Ready soybean in aquatic feeds and feeding tilapias. A template concentration of 10⁻¹⁰ g μL⁻¹ DNA solution could be detected with a dilute degree of 0.01%. Most (90.6%) of the aquatic feeds containing soybean byproduct included exogenous DNA segments. We also compared genetically modified (GM) soybean with non-GM soybean diets in feeding tilapias ( Oreochromis niloticus , GIFT strain) and examined the residual fragments (254 bp) of GM soybeans. Tilapias receiving GM soybean diets had DNA fragments in different tissues and organs, indicating that exogenous GM genes were absorbed systemically and not completely degraded by the tilapia's alimentary canal.     

Constructed shallow zones along navigation canals: vegetation establishment and change in relation to environmental characteristics

An Erratum has been published for this article in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12(2), 2002, 251

• 1. In recent decades shallow zones have been constructed along navigation canals in the Netherlands which form a potential new habitat for aquatic macrophytes and helophytes absent from traditional canals.
• 2. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between the aquatic plant vegetation that becomes established and the physical and chemical characteristics of water and sediment, in order to find the determinants of species composition and the changes therein. Data were collected in 1998 and 1999 from 80 plots in bank zones at varying stages of development since construction along two navigation canals.
• 3. Plots 3–5 years old were partly dominated by rooting submerged macrophytes such as Potamogeton pectinatus, Elodea nuttallii and Potamogeton pusillus; locally non‐rooting species occurred such as Ceratophyllum demersum, Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza. Older plots contained Phragmites australis, locally mixed with free‐floating species. Hydrological isolation from the eutrophic canals was indicated by the presence of Chara vulgaris.
• 4. Characteristics of both water layer and sediment could explain the variation in vegetation composition. Rooting submerged macrophytes predominantly occurred in sites with a thin (<2 cm) layer of sediment with relatively low concentrations of organic matter; moreover, ammonium concentrations in the water layer and sediment pore water were relatively low. Stands of non‐rooting macrophytes and of Phragmites australis were characterized by a relatively thick sediment layer and high ammonium levels in the pore water. Light limitation in turbid water, associated with navigation and eutrophication, may also play a role.
• 5. Although submerged aquatic macrophytes persist for a relatively short time, shallow zones nevertheless function as a habitat for helophyte communities and contribute to a higher aquatic biodiversity than is associated with traditional banks along navigation canals.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application Progress of Selenium and Selenoprotein in Aquaculture北大核心CSCD

随着水产养殖产业的高速发展,水产养殖集约化规模扩大,养殖动物密度增大,容易造成氧化应激反应,这迫使水产养殖从业者亟需寻找无毒无害且高效的饲料添加剂以提高水产动物的抗应激能力。硒(Se)是一种人体和动物生长繁育必需的微量元素,其生物学功能主要通过硒蛋白表达,饲料中添加适量的硒能够增强水产动物的抵抗力。本文综述了硒和硒蛋白的种类以及硒对水产动物的生理机制,同时对硒在水产养殖中的应用进行综述,旨在总结不同硒源作为水产饲料添加剂在改善水产动物生长、免疫与肉质等方面的作用,为其在水产养殖中的高效应用提供科学参考。     

氟乐灵对淡水生物的毒性特征及水生生物基准研究

通过毒性试验,得出氟乐灵对15种代表性水生生物的毒性数据,分别采用目前国际上常用的三种基准推导方法,推导氟乐灵的水生生物基准值。结果显示：评价因子法、物种敏感度分布法和毒性百分数排序法得出的基准值分别为0.007 5、0.075、0.071 mg·L-1。评价因子法得出的基准值较低,原因在于该方法主要依赖敏感物种的毒性值推导基准值,有时会造成过保护。物种敏感度分布法和毒性百分数排序法得到的基准值比较接近,大于评价因子法得到的基准值,而且这两种方法基准值的推导都需要较多的水生生物毒性数据,得出的基准值可以保护绝大多数水生生物。研究得到的氟乐灵水生生物基准值将为农药水质标准的制订及农药水生生态风险评价提供科学依据。