云南省不同试验区小麦蚕豆间作的产量优势分析与评价

 小麦蚕豆间作是云南省主要间作种植模式之一,具有提高产量,减少病虫害,提高养分、水分和光能利用效率等优势。本文基于2001—2010年本间套作课题小组40余组田间试验研究结果,对小麦蚕豆间作体系在云南陆良、玉溪、石林和昆明4个试验区的产量优势进行分析评价。结果表明：小麦蚕豆间作具有明显的增产优势。间作小麦比单作小麦平均增产1324%,间作蚕豆比单作蚕豆平均增产1480%,土地当量比（LER）平均值为114。但不同试验区的间作产量效应差异较大,其中玉溪、陆良和昆明试验区间作产量优势较大,LER分别为121,114和114。玉溪试验区间作产量优势主要来自于蚕豆,而其他试验区间作产量优势主要来自于小麦。     

绿洲灌区典型间作模式的产量和光能利用效率

为寻求河西绿洲灌区低耗水、高光效、高产多熟种植模式,在限量灌水条件下,通过大田试验对该区主要种植模式的产量和光能利用率进行了量化分析.结果表明:4种间作模式土地当量比均大于1,排序为玉米/豌豆>玉米/油菜>小麦/玉米>小麦/大豆;在同等可比面积上,小麦、玉米、豌豆和油菜在间作模式下均较单作表现出显著增产效应,但在不同模式下增产效应不同,小麦在小麦/玉米和小麦/大豆2种间作模式下产量分别提高49.14%、51.50%,玉米在玉米/油菜、玉米/豌豆和小麦/玉米3种间作模式中产量分别提高20.88%、53.48%、70.34%.各间作模式下的光能利用率为玉米/豌豆>玉米/油菜>玉米/小麦>小麦/大豆.玉米/豌豆间作模式可作为目前河西绿洲灌区低耗水、高光效型种植模式之一.     

不同配比的蔬菜与玉米间套作削减农田径流污染的研究

2011年7月到9月采用田间试验,在自然降雨条件下,对滇池流域不同比例蔬菜与玉米间套作蔬菜种植模式下农田地表径流产生量与地表径流、TN、TP、COD、SS的流失量进行分析,寻求控制农田径流污染的蔬菜与玉米适宜比例种植模式.结果表明:蔬菜单作地表径流流失量为73.78 m3·hm-2,TN、TP、COD和SS流失量分别为0.79、0.195、2.86、44.46 kg·hm-2.1∶2玉米//青花-西葫芦间套作地表径流流失量为41.06 m3·hm-2,TN、Tp、COD和SS流失量分别为0.41、0.112、1.08、13.06 kg·hm-2.1∶3和1∶4玉米//青花-西葫芦间套作地表径流和TN、TP、COD、SS流失量均高于1:2模式.与蔬菜单作相比,1:2玉米∥青花-西葫芦间套作能削减44.35％的地表径流量、48.46％的TN、42.38％的TP、62.13％的COD、72.92％的SS.因此,1∶2玉米//青花-西葫芦间套作种植模式削减农田地表径流和径流污染的效果最好.     

间(套)作对棉田病虫害的防控效应及其风险控制

棉花是病虫害发生最为严重的大田作物之一,近年来基于棉田间作套种的棉花病虫害生态治理成为研究的热点。合理的间作套种可以通过改变农田的生态结构和环境条件,提高天敌的种群数量,降低或抑制害虫的种群密度,进而起到有效控制病虫害的作用,是棉花病虫害防控的一条重要途径。同时,棉田间作套种控制病虫害也存在一定的局限性,不合理的间作套种更是存在提高用工投入、增加病虫防治难度、加重病虫为害等多种风险。评述了棉田间作套种对防控棉花病虫害的效应及其机制,总结提出了棉田间作套种存在的风险和防控途径,对今后应用间作套种生态治理棉花病虫害的前景和研究方向作了展望。     

槟榔间作香露兜对香露兜光合特性和香气成分的影响

为了研究槟榔与香露兜间作后香露兜叶片光合特性及香气成分变化,通过田间试验,比较槟榔间作香露兜处理和香露兜单作对照在叶片的光合特性和香气成分等差异。结果表明,处理叶片的净光合速率显著增加,叶片温度显著降低,叶片净光合速率和叶温间负相关关系达到显著水平;处理和对照叶片中共鉴定出9类31种香气成分,其中处理叶片的大量香气成分如角鲨烯、叶绿醇、新植二烯、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、3-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮、丙酮醇以及特征香气成分2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉等17种共有香气成分含量显著高于对照,丙酮酸甲酯和呋喃酮含量显著低于对照;叶片香气成分中角鲨烯和3-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮含量与净光合速率呈显著正相关关系,2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉、角鲨烯、叶绿醇、新植二烯、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、3-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮以及丙酮醇等挥发性香气成分含量均与叶片温度呈极显著负相关关系。由此可见,槟榔间作香露兜能提高香露兜叶片的净光合速率并降低叶片温度,进而提高主要香气成分含量和提升香露兜叶片品质,可为槟榔林下间作香露兜高效栽培模式的推广应用提供理论支撑。     

适宜茶园套种的绿肥型油菜资源筛选及初步应用

为推广生态茶园的油菜绿肥套种模式,于2017-2018年在茶园系统筛选和评价适宜套种的油菜资源。比较23个不同油菜品种（品系）的盛花期鲜草的生长与养分还田量,结果发现：茶园套种油菜的生物量、株高、养分还田量等指标表现存在差异;种植后根际土pH、有机质、碱解氮含量发生改变或提升。综合比较分现,品种阳光131、 圣光86和中双11表现相对较好：单株生物量达0.81～1.00 kg;植株养分还田量高,三者的氮磷钾养分还田量分别为 49.21～72.48 kg/hm2、12.64～17.40 kg/hm2和33.64～56.29 kg/hm2,可基本满足茶青的生长需求,且三个品种种植后土壤有效养分和有机质的改善较为明显。大地69和油肥1号株高相对较矮,适宜在低龄或矮枞茶园中套种。于2018-2019年探索油菜品种阳光131作为绿肥在不同树龄的茶园套种的应用,发现土壤的有机质含量显著改善,pH 值显著提升。综上,认为优选油菜品种应用于冬季茶/油菜（绿肥）套种模式     

Recent Advances in the Enhancement of Agroecosystem Services and Functioning by Cotton-based Intercropping Systems

Cotton-based intercropping systems are one of modern agriculture farming systems aiming at improving overall economic profitability of cotton field, which not only release the competition for land between other crops and cotton and increase growing area and yield of both crops, but also represent a mechanistic approach to reconciling crop production and biodiversity conservation. Recently, cotton-based intercropping systems have been widely focused and applied. Here, we reviewed the potential of cotton-based intercropping systems to reinforce agroecosystem services and functioning, including promoted plant biodiversity, improved overall productivity and economic profits, increased light use efficiency, improved cotton quality, reduced pest and disease occurrence, and suppressed weed growth. Further, the underlying mechanisms behind the enhancement of agroecosystem services and functioning by cotton-based intercropping systems through niche complementarity, interspecific facilitation, and allelopathy between intercropped species were summarized in the paper. Finally, the research prospects were also pointed out.     

Cropping systems for the management of phytonematodes

Damage caused by nematodes is one of the limiting factors in crop production. Traditional nematode management is based on the use of crop rotations, resistant cultivars, nematicides, or combinations of these methods. For a crop like peanut (Arachis hypogaea), cultivars resistant to root-knot nematodes are not available. There are soybean (Glycine max) cultivars resistant to some of the species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.); however, most fields have nematode infestations composed of mixtures of species. Research at Auburn has shown that tropical crops can be used effectively in rotation to manage nematode problems. Rotations with American jointvetch (Aeschynomene americana), castor (Ricinus communis), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta), partridge pea (Cassia fasciculata), sesame (Sesamum indicum), and velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana) have resulted in good nematode control and increased yields of peanut and soybean. Some crops (castor, sesame) are considered ‘active’ in that they produce compounds that are nematicidal, whereas others (e.g. corn, sorghum) are simply non-host, that is, ‘passive’.     

Influence of Seed Treatment with Uniconazole Powder on Soybean Growth,Photosynthesis, Dry Matter Accumulation after Flowering and Yield in Relay Strip Intercropping System

Abstract

The relay strip intercropping system of wheat-corn-soybean is widely used in southwest China. However, it is hard to produce soybean stably with this system, since the growth of soybean plants is slower under shading by corn at the seedling stage, and it is compensated by accelerated growth after the symbiotic stage. Soybean plants show excessive vegetative growth due to more rain during the flowering stage, which results in fallen petals, fallen pods and lower yield. This study investigated whether seed treatment with uniconazole powder (0, 2, 4 and 8 mg kg^–1 seed) suppresses excessive vegetative growth of soybean plants during the flowering stage and delays senescence of photosynthetically active leaves at the pod-setting stage. If such events are correlated with changes in photosynthesis, they may affect dry matter accumulation and seed yield in the relay stripping system. Uniconazole promoted biomass accumulation from 31 (R₃) to 61 (R₅) days after flowering (DAF) and seed yield. Seed treatment with uniconazole raised the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a contents. In contrast, uniconazole reduced leaf area index (LAI) from 1 DAF (R₁) to 46 DAF (R₄) with the increase in uniconazole concentration, whereas, uniconazole significantly increased LAI at 61 DAF, and the greatest promotion occurred at 2 mg kg^–1 treatment. The study clearly showed that uniconazole effectively suppressed excessive vegetative growth of soybean during flowering stage, delayed senescence of photosynthetically active leaves at pod-setting stage and induced higher yield, which were related to the changes in photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, dry matter accumulation and LAI in the relay strip intercropping system.