苹果产业社会化服务现状与发展建议

随着苹果产业劳动力、生产成本及种植模式等要素的发展变化,其社会化服务经历了从无到有、由少到多的演变过程,呈现出以龙头企业、专业合作组织、基层党组织、销售(物流)平台、互助团体或民间组织等主导型的多种供给模式共同发展的特点。对苹果社会化服务的发展背景进行了阐述,对其当前主要发展模式及特点进行了总结,并提出了发展建议。     

Functional analysis of MdSUT2.1, a plasma membrane sucrose transporter from apple

Sugar content is a determinant of apple(Malus×domestica Borkh.) sweetness. However, the molecular mechanism underlying sucrose accumulation in apple fruit remains elusive. Herein, this study reported the role of the sucrose transporter MdSUT2.1 in the regulation of sucrose accumulation in apples. The MdSUT2.1 gene encoded a protein with 612 amino acid residues that could be localized at the plasma membrane when expressed in tobacco leaf protoplasts.MdSUT2.1 was highly expressed in fruit and was ...     

Effect of apple cultivars and storage periods on the virulence of Neofabraea spp.

Bull’s eye rot is a typical quiescent postharvest apple disease in major fruit-growing areas. The susceptibility of different apple cultivars to Neofabraea spp. (N. vagabunda and N. malicorticis) was assessed, with Granny Smith showing the most resistance and Cripps Pink the most susceptibility. To assess the factors involved in conidial germination, Neofabraea spp. were grown on crude protein extracts (CPEs) collected from apple fruits at different storage periods. Fungal germ tube growth rate and pathogenic enzyme (cellulase and xylanase) activity were assessed. Results showed that CPEs collected after 2 and 4 months of storage progressively stimulated conidial germination and germ tube elongation, while a lesser effect was observed from CPEs after 1 month of storage. Xylanase proved to be the main degrading enzyme secreted by all the isolates, while cellulase was produced only by N. vagabunda isolates. Overall, the isolate ID02 was the most virulent, based on more rapid germ tube elongation and greater activity of the lytic enzymes.     

桃蛀螟对青霉菌侵染苹果的产卵选择与行为趋向反应

为探明桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis偏好于在青霉菌Penicillium侵染的苹果上产卵的特点与机理,从苹果、玉米和柑橘上分离、纯化获得15株青霉菌,通过形态学和rDNA-ITS序列分析鉴定后,以健康苹果为对照,测试不同青霉菌菌株侵染的苹果对桃蛀螟产卵选择的影响,并利用四臂嗅觉仪测试桃蛀螟对青霉菌诱导的苹果挥发物的行为趋向反应。结果表明,15株青霉菌分别属于皮落青霉P. crustosum、橘青霉P. citrinum、苏门答腊青霉P. sumatrense和指状青霉P. digitatum的不同株型;桃蛀螟对其中的12株青霉菌侵染的苹果的产卵选择率均极显著高于健康苹果,尤其对皮落青霉CO5菌株、苏门答腊青霉OR3菌株和指状青霉OR5菌株侵染的苹果的产卵选择率最高,分别达到67.73%、61.50%和68.39%;桃蛀螟对感染皮落青霉CO5菌株和指状青霉OR5菌株的苹果挥发物的选择率分别为31.37%和29.19%,均显著高于对感染橘青霉OR1菌株和苏门答腊青霉OR3菌株的苹果挥发物的选择率18.14%和21.31%,且前二者之间、后二者之间均无显著差异。表明青霉菌可通过影响寄主植物挥发物释放,从而影响桃蛀螟对寄主植物的产卵选择和行为趋向反应。     

外源ABA对苹果砧木叶片解剖结构 及内源激素含量的影响

通过光镜和透射电镜分别观察外源脱落酸（ABA）处理下楸子（Malus prunifolia）、平邑甜茶（M. hupehensis）和新疆野苹果（M. sieversii）叶片解剖结构及叶绿体超微结构的变化,利用扫描电镜和酶联免疫法分别研究ABA处理对叶片气孔特征及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,ABA处理下楸子、平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果的叶厚分别减少了7.93%、0.25%和0.81%,栅栏组织厚度分别减少了31.43%、8.53%和4.99%（P＜0.05）,海绵组织厚度分别增加了10.34%、6.14%和5.63%（P＜0.05）,叶肉组织结构疏松度（SR）分别增加了19.59%、6.55%和6.50%。ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度比值（P/S）及叶肉组织结构紧密度（CTR）较对照显著减少（P＜0.05）,其中,P/S值分别下降37.86%和13.82%,CTR分别下降25.46%和8.29%,而新疆野苹果的P/S值和CTR下降但不显著。此外,ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的上表皮细胞厚度较对照分别增加了5.82%和6.43%,新疆野苹果的较对照减少了26.23%（P＜0.05）;楸子和新疆野苹果的下表皮细胞厚度较对照增加了12.09%和14.21%（P＜0.05）,平邑甜茶的较对照减少了12.56%。平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果叶片上下角质层厚度较对照显著增加（P＜0.05）,而楸子的变化不显著。在ABA诱导下,3种砧木的气孔密度、气孔大小（长度×宽度）及其开口度和开张比均不同程度地下降,其中,楸子的较对照分别下降了3.62%、7.12%×19.59%、67.60%和86.66%,平邑甜茶的分别下降了3.50%、4.99%×20.65%、32.42%和58.24%,新疆野苹果的分别下降了8.54%、0.92%×12.06%、20.37%和16.35%。ABA处理下3种砧木叶片细胞中叶绿体的数量变少,类囊体结构排列疏松,叶绿体上的淀粉粒趋于变小。外施ABA使3种砧木叶片内源ABA和玉米素核苷（ZR）的含量极显著增加（P＜0.01）,其中楸子ABA和ZR含量比对照分别增加30.83%和13.31%,平邑甜茶的分别增加62.40%和45.28%,而新疆野苹果的分别增加了37.07%和17.06%。楸子和新疆野苹果叶片的吲哚乙酸（IAA）和赤霉素（GA）含量无显著变化,而平邑甜茶叶片的IAA及GA含量比对照分别增加了62.62%和20.62%（P＜0.01）。总之,在ABA处理下,3种苹果砧木的叶片组织解剖结构和气孔特征都发生旱生性结构变化,叶肉细胞中淀粉粒趋于变小,叶片内源ABA和ZR水平增加显著,而IAA和GA水平变化因基因型不同而存在差异。     

基于声振信号对称极坐标图像的苹果霉心病早期检测

为实现苹果早期霉心病较高精度的检测,该研究采用对称极坐标法（Symmetrized Dot Pattern,SDP）将苹果声振信号变换为雪花图,然后采用AlexNet、VGG16和ResNet50卷积神经网络以迁移学习方式深度挖掘SDP雪花图像的特征信息,将其输入到支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）分类器,对霉心程度≤7%的苹果进行检测。研究结果表明,当时间间隔系数为25和角度放大因子为50°时,健康果与早期霉心果声振信号的SDP图形状特征差异最大,在此条件下获取的SDP图经卷积神经网络AlexNet、VGG16和ResNet50提取特征并构建了不同核函数的SVM霉心果检测模型,在各类SVM模型中,ResNet50-SVM-gaus（高斯基）模型用相对较少的训练时间和参数量可取得训练集霉心果较高分类准确率,经超参数优化训练该模型对健康果和早期霉心果测试集不平衡样本（10∶1）的总体分类准确率达到96.97%,平均查准率、平均查全率、平均加权调和均值、Kappa系数和马修斯相关系数值分别为80.19%、90.36%、86.21%,82.54%和82.68%,该模型不仅对多数类的健康果保持较高分类准确率,而且对少数类的早期霉心果也具有较高判别能力。这些研究结果为声振法应用于果蔬内部病害的早期在线检测系统研发提供了技术支撑。     

基于改进YOLOv7的苹果生长状态及姿态识别

针对目前苹果在复杂环境下难以进行生长状态分类识别、姿态信息同步获取等问题,该研究提出了一种基于改进YOLOv7的苹果生长状态分类和果实姿态融合识别方法。首先改进多尺度特征融合网络,在骨干网络中增加160×160的特征尺度层,用于增强模型对微小局部特征的识别敏感度;其次引入注意力机制CBAM(convolutional block attention module),改善网络对输入图片的感兴趣目标区域的关注度;最后采用Soft-NMS算法,能够有效避免高密度重叠目标被一次抑制从而发生漏检现象。此外,结合UNet分割网络和最小外接圆及矩形特征获取未遮挡苹果姿态。试验结果表明,改进YOLOv7的识别精确率、召回率和平均识别精度分别为86.9%、80.5%和87.1%,相比原始YOLOv7模型分别提高了4.2、2.2和3.7个百分点,另外苹果姿态检测方法的准确率为94%。该文模型能够实现苹果生长状态分类及果实姿态识别,可为末端执行器提供了抓取方向,以期为苹果无损高效的采摘奠定基础。     

生物菌肥和钾肥配施对苹果钾素吸收及果实品质的影响

为了研究生物菌肥和钾肥对苹果果实品质及生长发育的协同作用,以7 a生'瓦里短枝'(Vallee spur Del)为研究对象,设置T1(K2O 420 kg·hm-2)、T2(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2)、T3(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm-2+K2O 294 kg·hm-2)、T4(生物菌肥2520 kg·hm...     

Effects of Yuzu (Citrus junos) Peel from Waste as an Aquaculture Feed Supplement on Growth,Environmental Load,and Dark Muscle Discoloration in Yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata

Beneficial utilization of yuzu (Citrus junos) peel was investigated to improve the commercial value of cultured yellowtail fish. The antioxidant effects of grated yuzu peel from pomace (yuzu paste) on prevention of dark muscle discoloration during storage in sliced yellowtail fish were tested. Four diets were prepared, containing 0, 10, 50, and 100 g yuzu paste in a 1,450-g diet (wet basis). Fish were fed one of the four diets for 10 weeks. Growth performance was not significantly different among the dietary groups, but fish fed a diet containing 100-g yuzu paste showed the least average body weight and a significant increase in fecal amount and fat levels in the feces, which suggest low digestibility and low absorption. Dark muscle discoloration was significantly reduced in all yuzu dietary groups compared to the control group during storage at 4°C. The optimal supplementation of yuzu paste in the fish diet is very effective at maintaining fish flesh freshness as a finishing diet without causing additional phosphorus or nitrogen pollution of the sea and inhibiting fish growth. This study provides a new way to utilize waste yuzu peel, which also helps reduce waste from yuzu processing.     

‘国光’苹果及其红色芽变花青苷合成与相关酶活性的研究

 以‘国光’苹果及其红色芽变为试材, 测定了果实发育期间的花青苷含量及其相关酶活性,并研究了套袋对芽变花青苷合成的影响。结果显示: ①在果实发育期间, 芽变果皮的花青苷含量明显高于‘国光’, 尤其是成熟期芽变果皮花青苷含量为132170 U·g^-1FW, 而‘国光’仅为49140 U·g^-1FW; ②在果实发育期间, 两个品种间PAL 和UFGT的酶活性无明显差异, 但芽变的CHI和DFR酶活性明显高于‘国光’, 表明芽变花青苷合成能力的提高与CHI和DFR酶活性高有关; ③套袋抑制芽变果皮花青苷的合成, 但解袋后花青苷的含量极显著升高, 解袋后4种酶的变化趋势差异较大, CHI和UFGT活性均迅速升高, 明显高于对照, 这与解袋后花青苷迅速合成相吻合。综上结果, 芽变与原有品种在着色机理上的关键指标是果皮花青苷含量和CHI酶活性。