苹果树种植对黄土旱塬土壤蒸发的影响

以陕西长武旱塬为例,分别对研究区农地和5个不同林龄(9、12、16、19 a和23 a)苹果园的土壤剖面氢氧稳定同位素进行测定,利用Craig-Gordon模型定量估算其土壤平均蒸发量,并基于“空间换时间”方法分析果园种植及生长对土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明：农地及9、12、16、19、23 a林龄苹果园的土壤蒸发量均随苹果树的种植及生长呈现先减少再增大的趋势,年均蒸发量分别为129、104、89、119、128、136 mm;苹果园的土壤蒸发量变化与叶面积指数呈显著负相关(R=-0.713);苹果园种植的前中期(9～12 a)土壤蒸发量随叶面积指数增加逐渐减小,而在中后期(12～23 a)深层土壤水被大量消耗造成的干旱胁迫使得果树叶面积减少,从而导致林下土壤蒸发量又逐渐增大。     

Assessment of the socio-economic impacts associated with the arrival of apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in Mwea irrigation scheme,Kenya

Background

In Kenya, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is mainly produced under irrigation by small-scale farmers. Mwea irrigation scheme (MIS) in Kirinyaga County accounts for 80–88% of rice production. Here, rice is the main source of livelihood and a source of revenue generation for the county. However, a recently established invasive freshwater snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (family: Ampullariidae), a species of apple snail, presents a serious threat to rice production.

Results

Household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews highlight apple snail as a serious problem in MIS. Households that observed at least a moderate level of infestation (>20% of cultivated area) experienced significant reductions in rice yield (~14%) and net rice income (~60%). Farmers reported increased use of chemical pesticides for management of apple snail. In addition, the cost of hired labor for physical removal of egg masses and snails is resulting in substantial negative effects on net income. Farmer age, area of land owned, responsibility for decision-making, receipt of extension advice, training, and membership of a farmer organization, were all statistically significant variables to explain farmers awareness of the need for area-wide apple snail management.

Conclusion

Strategies to limit the spread of apple snail are urgently needed. A Multi-Institutional Technical Team (MITT) has been established to spearhead management efforts and consolidate advice to farmers on how to manage apple snail. However, without action to mitigate spread, the consequences could be disastrous for rice production and food security in Kenya, and for other rice growing regions across Africa. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

利用苹果加工下脚料生产膳食纤维的研究

主要研究利用苹果加工后的下脚料生产膳食纤维的工艺流程、操作要点、产品质量标准及综合利用效益。     

Effects of arrangement of surge-rootirrigation emitters on growth,yield andwater use efficiency of apple trees

Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment. The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards. There were three factors: the buried depth H( 25,40,55 cm),the horizontal distance L( 30,40,60 cm) between the emitters and the trunk of the experimental tree,and the number of the irrigation emitters N( 1,2,4). The effect of the arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters on the growth,yield and irrigation water use efficiency( IWUE) of apple trees were studied in Northern Shaanxi where the irrigation quota takes 60%-75% of the field water capacity. The results showed that the arrangement of emitters for surge-root irrigation had a significant effect on apple tree yield and IWUE,especially,the yield and IWUE reached 28 388. 17 kg/hm2 and 16. 83 kg/m3 in treatment T3,respectively. At the same L and N levels( T1,T2,and T3),the yield and IWUE in treatment T3 were the highest,and the yields in treatments T1 and T2 were decreased by 26.22% and 31.48%,while IWUE is reduced by14.02% and 18.12% compared with T3,respectively. At the same H and N levels( T3,T4,and T5),the yield and IWUE of apple trees were decreased with increasing L level. Especially,when L was 30 cm( T3),the yield and IWUE were the highest. The same L and H levels( T3,T6,and T7) could promote the growth of apple trees when N was 2( T3). Compared with treatment T3,it was found that the increment of new shoots was decreased by 8.07%-18.71%,and the fruit diameter was decreased by 5.41%-9.11%. Therefore,two emitters should be arranged symmetrically on both sides of an apple tree,each was buried at a 40 cm depth and 30 cm away from the trunk of the tree to effectively improve the yield and IWUE of the apple tree in mountainous areas in Northern Shaanxi.     

探索农村参与式科技传播之新路——淳化县孙家咀村村民变化案例分析

农业科学技术在农村社会发展中发挥越来越重要的作用,而农业技术传播的有效性不仅取决于成果本身的先进性和实用性,而且与其传播的方式和社区环境密切相关。随着农业女性化,农业科技传播的受体应该转向农村妇女。2002~2005年,陕西省淳化县农村实施了“农村参与式科技传播”项目,采用参与式科技传播新方法,以无公害苹果生产技术为切入点,到2005年,项目村家庭经济收入发生了显著变化,人均收入增加2.42倍,苹果收入增加1.66倍,全村的固定资产增加2.8倍;其次农村妇女能力建设成效显著,表现在家庭事务决策和社区管理与发展等方面。     

12个苹果品种19项果实采后品质指标比较及相关性分析

【目的】研究不同产地的不同品种苹果果实采后品质变化规律,筛选出品质优良的苹果品种。【方法】以12个苹果品种果实为材料,测定其19项品质指标(硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、破裂力、破裂位移、破裂功、屈服力、屈服功、屈服位移、果肉硬度、果肉做功、L_*^值、a_*^值、b_*^值、c_*^值、h_*^值),并运用主成分分析进行综合评价。【结果】‘瑞香红’果实的硬度和可溶性固形物含量显著高于其他品种;‘国光’苹果的可滴定酸和维生素C含量最高;‘华红’果实的呼吸强度最高;‘瑞阳’和‘华月’乙烯释放量无显著差异,均显著高于其他品种。在穿刺参数测定中,‘国光’苹果的破裂位移、破裂功和果肉做功最大;‘瑞香红’苹果的破裂力、屈服力、屈服功和果肉硬度最大,‘华庆’屈服位移最大。在色差数据中,‘国光’苹果的L_*^值最大,‘瑞香红’苹果的a_*^值最大,‘瑞雪’苹果的b_*^、c_*^、h_*^值最大。不同苹果品种各项指标存在差异,其中硬度与可溶性固形物、破裂力、破裂功、屈服力、屈服功、果肉硬度、果肉做功呈极显著正相关,与乙烯释放量呈显著负相关;屈服功与果肉硬度、果肉做功呈极显著正相关;果肉硬度与果肉做功呈极显著正相关;L_*^值与b_*^值、h_*^{值呈极显著正相关},与a_*^{值呈极显著负相关};a_*^值与b_*^值、h_*^{值呈极显著负相关};b_*^值与c_*^值、h_o^{值呈极显著正相关。}【结论】根据综合得分,可知排名前5位的苹果为‘国光’、‘乔纳金’、‘金冠’、‘瑞雪’、‘华月’,表明在同一采摘年份中,以上5个苹果品种的品质较好。     

苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配用对高原红富士苹果产量和品质的影响

摘要：【目的】苹果树修剪掉的枝条是果园最常见的废弃物,探究苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配用直接还田对红富士苹果产量和品质的影响对提高果园废弃资源利用率具有重要意义。【方法】本试验以14年生乔砧红富士果树为对象,将冬季修剪无病虫害的苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配施处理,连续开展了2年定位试验,研究其对红富士苹果产量和品质的影响。【结果】1)与对照比,苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配施,明显提高土壤有机质和氮磷钾主要养分含量,苹果废弃枝条L5（10kg/棵+有机肥60kg/棵）和L6（苹果废弃枝条10kg/棵+有机肥70kg/棵）对果园有机质、碱解性氮、速效磷和速效钾含量提高最高,且L5和L6之间差异性不显著;2)与对照比,苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配施普遍提高单果重、单株结果量和单株产量,2年定位试验中均是L5和L6提高量最高;3)与对照比,苹果废弃枝与有机肥配施可以显著提高苹果果实硬度、可溶性固形物、Vc含量、可溶性糖含量、固酸比、糖酸比。2年定位试验处理相比硬度、可溶性固形物提高范围不显著,L5和L6提高量最高;可溶性糖含量提高10.94%～12.86%、L5提高量最高。【结论】苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配施对土壤肥力、产量及品质均有显著改善,L5为最佳配比比例。     

不同砧穗组合对长富2号苹果果实品质的影响初报

以 4个砧穗组合的长富2号苹果为试材,研究不同砧穗组合对长富2号苹果果实品质的影响．结果表明: T337自根砧富士苹果的单果质量、果实纵径和果实横径最大,显著高于中间砧T337; 自根砧T337的可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比、干物质含量最大,中间砧T337维生素C含量最大,自根砧T337可滴定酸含量最小;中间砧T337果皮破裂距离、果皮韧性、果肉起始硬度、果肉平均硬度最大,中间砧M9果皮脆性最大,中间砧T337果肉细度显著低于其它组合．采用模糊评价法综合评价4种砧木对富士苹果果实品质的影响,在葫芦岛地区,自根砧T337嫁接富士苹果果实品质优于中间砧木,适宜砧木顺序依次为自根砧T337、中间砧M9、中间砧Pajama2、中间砧T337。     

红露苹果在昭通的引种试验初报

云南昭通是南方重要的苹果生产基地,但由于主栽晚熟红富士品种比例过高,给生产销售等方面带来一系列问题,为解决品种单一带来的各种问题,充分发挥当地苹果比北方苹果成熟早的自然优势,从2006年起我们开始从烟台引试种植红露等中早熟品种,希望从中找出表现良好的品种来发展,以调整昭通苹果品种结构。试种的红露苹果于2009年投产,具有早果、丰产、色艳、果个大、极耐贮运、抗逆性强等特性,具有良好的发展前景。