Estimating Sorption Affinities of Heavy Metals on Humic Acid and Silica using a Constant Capacitance Model

The adsorption of heavy metals [cadmium (Cd ²⁺), cobalt (Co²⁺), nickel (Ni²⁺), zinc (Zn²⁺), and lead (Pb)] and calcium (Ca²⁺) on humic acid and silica were investigated to understand the adsorptive selectivities of heavy metals on the constituents of soil. The experiments for the adsorption of Cd and Pb were carried out in a 0.1 mol L^?1 (M) sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) background solution, whereas those for the other metals were done in a 0.1 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The adsorptive affinities of the metal ions on the humic acid and silica were ranked by the intrinsic surface complexation constants [K _m ¹(int)] that were calculated approximately from the adsorptive data using a constant capacitance model. The log [K _m ¹(int)] values of the metals were in the order Zn²⁺(?2.29) > Cd²⁺(?2.41) > Co²⁺(?2.74) > Ni²⁺(?2.92) ?> Ca²⁺ (?3.33) for the humic acid and Zn²⁺(?4.23) > Cd²⁺(?4.49) > Ni²⁺(?4.51) ? Co²⁺ (?5.99) > Ca²⁺(?6.37) for silica.     

DTA-6、SODM及Cc对马铃薯地下主茎生长及同化物代谢生理的影响

大田栽培条件下,以马铃薯荷兰212为材料,叶面喷施植物生长物质2-N,N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯（Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate,简称DTA-6）、氯化胆碱（Choline chloride, 简称Cc）以及SOD模拟物(简称SOD_M),测定地下主茎鲜重、干重、蔗糖、蔗糖转化酶活性、淀粉、淀粉酶活性变化以及可溶性糖等含量的变化,研究不同植物生长物质对马铃薯地下主茎生长及碳代谢生理指标的影响。结果表明：从喷药后16 d开始,Cc和SOD_M处理均能大幅提高地下主茎蔗糖的含量,其中Cc处理平均比CK增加36.68%,SOD_M处理较CK高出30.36%。同时喷施Cc后40 d和48 d淀粉酶活性提高,平均增幅为35.11%。从喷药后32 d开始,DTA-6和Cc处理对转化酶活性也具有提高的效应,DTA-6处理平均提高了35.75%,Cc处理平均提高了34.79%,但方差分析结果表明差异不显著。另外SOD_M处理能够极显著降低块茎膨大时期地下主茎内淀粉含量,而Cc处理可极显著提高此时期地下主茎的可溶性糖含量。     

格氏沙雷菌CNY-04对灰霉病菌作用机制及抑菌物质理化性质研究

从蔬菜根际土壤中筛选到一株生防格氏沙雷菌(Serratia grimesii)CNY-04,利用抑菌圈法测定其对灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers.ex Fr.)的抑制效果,通过抑制孢子萌发、影响菌丝正常生长试验对CNY-04的作用机制进行研究,并对CNY-04菌株相关性状及抑菌物质的理化性质进行了研究.结果表明,CNY-04菌株对灰霉病菌拮抗能力强且遗传稳定,抑菌圈直径达到34 mm; CNY-04可对灰霉病菌菌丝结构造成破坏;可显著抑制灰霉病菌分生孢子萌发,抑制率为99％;CNY-04菌株不产生硝吡咯菌素、氢氰酸及水解酶类,可产生嗜铁索和蛋白酶;抑菌物质具有较好的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性.抑菌物质由灰霉病菌诱导产生,与已报道的沙雷菌属的作用机理完全不同.     

溶液体系中非生物因素对胡敏酸还原汞的影响

As a global pollutant process,the reduction of mercury(Hg)is especially important.One pathway is through an abiotic reduction with humic acids(HAs),which is controlled by different factors,including initial Hg and HA concentrations,pH,temperature and light.In this study,three humic acids were selected to illustrate the Hg~(2+)abiotic reduction mechanisms by HAs,and to identify the key limiting factors for reduction rates and amounts.In addition,the initial status of the HAs as a solid or in an aqueous solution were also compared,to help explain why HAs show different dominant characteristics(e.g.complexation or reduction)in the reaction process with Hg.Results indicated that HAs were able to reduce Hg abiotically.Higher initial Hg,higher HA concentrations and either high(8.1)or low(3.6)solution pH decreased the HA reduction capacity.In addition,Hg°production rates increased with increasing temperature,and the same trend was observed with light exposure.Humic acids added as an aqueous solution resulted in significantly greater Hg°production than addition as a bulk solid.Finally,the Hg reduction rate and capacity varied significantly(P0.05)with HAs from different sources.These findings helped to explain why HAs showed different dominant characteristics(e.g.complexation or reduction)in the reaction process with Hg,and evidentially demonstrated the existence of a possible pathway of Hg~(2+)reduction,which indicated that humic substances in natural environments,especially in water bodies,could act either as a sink or a source for Hg.     

亚精胺对渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗渗透调节物质含量和脯氨酸代谢酶活性的影响

为了探讨多胺提高小麦抗旱性的机理,以两个抗旱性不同的小麦品种(豫麦48,抗旱性较弱;洛麦22,抗旱性较强)为材料,研究了亚精胺对短期渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片渗透调节物质含量以及脯氨酸代谢的调控效应。结果表明,渗透胁迫下,两个小麦品种幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量增加,且抗旱性较强的洛麦22增加幅度显著大于抗旱性较弱的豫麦48;脯氨酸代谢关键酶Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)和Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸还原酶(P5CR)活性增强,且洛麦22的P5CS活性增强幅度大于P5CR。但渗透胁迫处理对两个品种鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT)活性影响不大。外源亚精胺处理则进一步提高了渗透胁迫下脯氨酸、葡萄糖、蔗糖含量以及P5CS和P5CR活性,且对抗旱性较弱的豫麦48效应较明显,但对两个品种的OAT活性基本没什么影响。这些结果表明,外源亚精胺处理能通过提高脯氨酸合成代谢谷氨酸途径的关键酶P5CS和P5CR的活性促进脯氨酸和可溶性糖的积累,从而提高小麦幼苗的保水性,增强其抗旱性,对抗旱性较弱的小麦品种的效果更加明显。     

Antimicrobial Activity of the Marine Alkaloids,Clathrodin and Oroidin,and Their Synthetic Analogues

Marine organisms produce secondary metabolites that may be valuable for the development of novel drug leads as such and can also provide structural scaffolds for the design and synthesis of novel bioactive compounds. The marine alkaloids, clathrodin and oroidin, which were originally isolated from sponges of the genus, Agelas, were prepared and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against three bacterial strains (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and one fungal strain (Candida albicans), and oroidin was found to possess promising Gram-positive antibacterial activity. Using oroidin as a scaffold, 34 new analogues were designed, prepared and screened for their antimicrobial properties. Of these compounds, 12 exhibited >80% inhibition of the growth of at least one microorganism at a concentration of 50 µM. The most active derivative was found to be 4-phenyl-2-aminoimidazole 6h, which exhibited MIC₉₀ (minimum inhibitory concentration) values of 12.5 µM against the Gram-positive bacteria and 50 µM against E. coli. The selectivity index between S. aureus and mammalian cells, which is important to consider in the evaluation of a compound’s potential as an antimicrobial lead, was found to be 2.9 for compound 6h.     

Antibacterial and Antiyeast Compounds from Marine-Derived Bacteria

Two new (2 and 3) and a known (1) antimicrobial compounds were isolated from EtOAc extracts of two marine bacterial strains cultured in modified Bennett’s broth medium. The structures of these compounds were determined based on the analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS), literature data review and considering biogenesis. All the compounds (1–3) demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic strains.     

Pardaxin, an antimicrobial peptide, triggers caspase-dependent and ROS-mediated apoptosis in HT-1080 cells

Pardaxin is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) that was first isolated from secretions of the Red Sea Moses sole. The role of pardaxin in inducing apoptosis for preventing cancer has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we examined the antitumor activity of pardaxin against human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells; pardaxin inhibited cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis, as demonstrated by an increase in the externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine and the presence of chromatin condensation. Additionally, pardaxin-treated cells showed elevation of caspase-3/7 activities, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Inhibition of ROS production and caspase-3/7 activities reduced pardaxin-induced effects. Taken together, these findings suggest that pardaxin may be a potential anticancer agent for selectively inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.     

培养条件对枯草芽胞杆菌TU100生长和产生抗菌物质的影响

以在油菜根际高效定殖的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)TU100为材料,研究其主要抗菌物质的代谢条件。证明其主要拮抗物质属胞外分泌型,释放到培养液中,对油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)具有较高的抑制活性。TU100在28-30℃生长旺盛,产抗菌物质也较多;培养48h数量达最大值,培养72h抗菌物质的产生量达高峰。培养液的初始pH值6-8有利于TU100增殖,抗菌物质活性也最强;通气良好的条件下TU100菌株生长好、产抗菌物质量多;培养基C/N比对菌株生长也有重要影响,C/N比为15时有利于TU100生长以及抗菌物质的积累。     

可食性涂膜性能及其水果保鲜应用研究进展

可食性涂膜能够在水果和大气环境之间形成一层屏障,调节水果周围气体环境,阻碍水分的迁移和损失,同时还可以降低微生物的侵染。作为一种有效的水果采后贮藏保鲜技术,涂膜贮藏保鲜得到了广泛的研究。对可食性涂膜的物理与机械性能及其在水果贮藏保鲜方面的应用进行了详细论述,并对可食性涂膜开发和应用进行展望,以期为未来国内可食性涂膜产品的开发和应用提供思路。