Physiological mechanisms for antagonistic interaction of manganese and aluminum in barley

In a previous study, we found that the combined addition of Al and Mn in the culture solution could alleviate the inhibition of barley growth by addition of Al or Mn alone. The current experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to investigate the physiological mechanisms of the antagonistic interaction using two barley genotypes, XZ16 (both Al and Mn tolerant) and ZU9 (both Al and Mn sensitive). The treatments consisted of three Al levels (0, 0.1, and 0.5?mM) and three Mn levels (0, 0.2, and 1.0?mM) and their combinations, and a completely randomized block design was used with three replications. The combined treatments had larger plant biomass, lower Al and Mn concentrations and accumulation in plant tissues, lower malondialdehyde content, and higher root ATPases activities, compared with Al or Mn alone treatment. The two genotypes had the similar trend in the antagonistic interaction, with ZU9 being more predominant than XZ16.     

Registration of mixed formulations of pesticides

Applying pesticides in mixture can bring about an increased level of performance which can be of benefit to manufacturers who make use of this phenomenon when formulating products. The interactions that occur can also bring about adverse effects on performance and possibly on the safety of the product to users, consumers and the environment. Because of this a product containing a mixture of active substances must be considered by registration authorities. Each discipline in the regulatory process must consider the likelihood of an interaction occurring and, as a result, request and examine the necessary data to support approval for that mixed product. Within the European Community the requirements are laid down in Directives that have been introduced to harmonise the regulatory process across Member States. The requirements of these Directives are described as an example of the regulatory process. © Crown copyright 1999. Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office     

绿色粘帚霉突变型菌株发酵液的抑菌活性研究

以对柑橘绿霉菌(Penicilliumdigitatum)的抑制率为依据,从发酵周期、热稳定性、酸碱敏感性及放置稳定性等方面对绿色粘帚霉(Gliocladiumvirens)突变型菌株UV-44发酵液的抑菌活性做了研究。结果表明,培养8d后,该菌株发酵液的抑菌活性达到最强,8d为其发酵周期。发酵液的热稳定性好,在80℃内随处理温度升高抑菌活性略有下降,121℃处理后抑制率仅下降16.70%。对酸碱较敏感,处理后发酵液抑菌活性差别显著,pH5的发酵液抑菌活性最强。长时间放置后发酵液不稳定,随着放置时间增加,抑菌活性显著下降,60d后其对柑橘绿霉菌的抑制率下降63.40%。     

Availability of minerals in rendered meat and bone meal for Nile tilapia: Preliminary observations

A digestibility trial was conducted with 180 Nile tilapia (32.65 ± 4.52 g) fed a reference diet containing 350 g/kg crude protein and 4,500 kcal/kg gross energy. Five different meat and bone meals (MBMs) were evaluated. The test diets compound by 70% of reference diet and 30% of each MBM were elaborated and classified according to ash content: MBM‐430, MBM‐400, MBM‐370, MBM‐340 and MBM‐310. The apparent availability coefficient (AAC) of minerals and the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM) were subjected to one‐way analysis of variance (p < .05). Differences among ADC and AAC were determined by Tukey's multiple range test (p < .05). When appropriate, a polynomial regression analysis was performed. Linear correlation analyses between MBM chemical composition and the AAC and ADC were performed (p < .01). Higher values of ADC_DM, AAC_Ca and AAC_P were observed in MBM‐310, while low values were observed in MBM‐430. Quadratic effects of ash, P and Ca contents on AAC_Ca, AAC_P and ADC_DM were observed. The AAC_Ca, AAC_P and ADC_DM indicated a negative correlation with ash, P and Ca contents. MBM‐310 exhibited the highest mineral AAC, which could be used as a mineral source for Nile tilapia.     

磺胺类抗生素对青海弧菌Q67的浓度比依赖性拮抗作用

为系统考察磺胺类抗生素药物(SAs)污染物长期暴露下的生物毒性效应,以5种磺胺类抗生素(SAs):磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)、磺胺嘧啶(SD)、磺胺吡啶(SPY)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)和磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)为研究对象,应用直接均分射线法(Equ-Ray)设计10个二元抗生素混合物体系(每个二元混合物体系设计5条具有不同浓度比的射线),应用优化的长期微板毒性分析法(L-MTA)系统测试这些抗生素在16 h对发光菌青海弧菌(Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67,Q67)的发光抑制毒性,并应用浓度加和模型(CA)分析混合物毒性相互作用。结果表明:5种SAs及其混合物射线对Q67在16 h呈现明显的毒性,但不同的抗生素毒性大小不同,以半数效应浓度的负对数(pEC_(50))为毒性大小指标,5种SAs的毒性大小顺序为:SMX(p EC50=3.95)SCP(p EC50=3.65)SPY(pEC_(50)=3.41)SD(pEC_(50)=3.36)SM2(pEC_(50)=3.21);10个SAs的二元混合物体系中7个呈现出加和作用,3个呈现出拮抗作用;3个混合物体系拮抗作用随组分浓度比的变化呈现不同的变化规律:混合物体系SCP-SPY和SCP-SMX中的射线拮抗作用均随SCP浓度比逐渐减小,即从R1到R2逐渐明显,从R2到R5几乎不变,而SCP-SM2体系,拮抗作用随组分SCP的浓度比逐渐减小,即从R1到R2逐渐明显,从R2到R5,逐渐变得不明显,R5在较高浓度区甚至出现了协同作用。     

枯草芽孢杆菌XF-1中脱乙酰几丁质酶在大肠杆菌中的表达及其抑茵活性

根据脱乙酰几丁质酶同源基因序列设计引物,扩增、克隆和测序了枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillussubtilis菌株XF-1的脱乙酰几丁质酶基因（CSrlo该基因编码区为834bp,编码由277个氨基酸组成的约30kD的蛋白质,其基因序列与枯草芽孢杆菌菌株B168的脱乙酰几丁质酶基因的相似性达到99％,氨基酸序列相似性为98％,在第19、47、60、256和257位的氨基酸发生了变化,分别由异亮氨酸代替了菌株B168脱乙酰几丁质酶中的甲硫氨酸、缬氨酸代替了谷氨酸、苏氨酸代替了异亮氨酸、天冬氨酸代替了谷氨酸、赖氨酸代替了天冬酰胺。菌株xF一1对稻瘟病菌Magnaportheoryzae和芸薹根肿菌Plasmodiophorabrassicae有抑制作用,而菌株B168没有。菌株xF－1和B168的CSFI基因在大肠杆菌Escherichiacoli中的表达产物均具有脱乙酰几丁质酶活性,但前者的表达产物对稻瘟病菌及芸薹根肿菌具有抑制作用,而后者没有。表明脱乙酰几丁质酶是xF－1抑制根肿病作用机制之一,且上述5个氨基酸替代可能与抑菌机制有关。     

Effect of Zinc and Dolomite Treatments on the Chemical Composition of Acid Sandy Soil and Bean Crop

The impact of the application of 4,500 kg ha^?1 dolomite with or without 40 kg ha^?1 ZnSO₄ 7H₂O on the elemental composition of bean and soil as well as on agronomic properties of the crop were examined in a pot experiment. The application of dolomite increased soil ammonium lactate–extractable magnesium content threefold and that of calcium by 80%. Application of zinc increased ammonium lactate–extractable zinc content by 100%. The increase of 0.8 pH unit from 5.4 (Ø-Ø) to pH 6.2 (Ø-dolomite) was accompanied by a significantly lower zinc, manganese, and potassium content of the plant material. Magnesium and potassium antagonistic effects manifest in plant composition and soil–plant relationships but not in soil. Magnesium and phosphorus show contradictory relationships: negative in soil and plant but positive in soil–plant relationship. The dry mass of bean shows the order of ZnSO₄-dolomite > ZnSO₄-Ø > Ø-dolomite > Ø-Ø.     

Salt effects on growth and mineral contents of Diplachne fusca (Kallar grass)

Effects of NaCl, KC1, and CaCl₂ alone, and in combinations of NaCl/KCl and NaCl/CaCl₂ on growth and ion uptake by ‘Kallar'grass in soil and in solution cultures were studied. In soil up to 150 mM NaCl and KCl had little effect on growth but CaCl₂ depressed growth strongly. Dry weights in 150 mM NaCl/KCl decreased but remained little affected in NaCl/CaCl₂. Plant response to Na⁺ was little affected by Ca⁺⁺ or K⁺ and no interactions between Na⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ or Na⁺ and K⁺ were observed. Plant tissue exhibited a strong selectivity for K⁺ over Na⁺ Concentrations of Na and Cl in the tops exceeded those in the roots. Leaf transections are presented providing some information on the tissue anatomy.     

The effect of crop rotation and granular nematicides on the incidence ofRhizoctonia solani in potato

Summary The incidence ofRhizoctonia solani in potato was studied in two crop rotation experiments from 1981 to 1985 inclusive. The greater the frequency of potato cropping, the more severe the attack on stems and stolons byR. solani. Severity of black scurf on progeny tubers and cropping frequency were also correlated, but less significantly. In fields with antagonists toR. solani, continuous potato cropping caused less black scurf on tubers than did 1∶2 rotations. Application of the nematicides oxamyl, ethoprofos and aldicarb resulted in a marked increase inR. solani infection of stems and stolons.

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Zusammenfassung In zwei Fruchtfolgeexperimenten wurde von 1979 bis 1985 das Vorkommen vonRhizoctonia solani an Kartoffeln untersucht. In Experiment 1 wurde auf sandigem Boden ein kontinuierlicher Kartoffelanbau (P) mit folgenden Fruchtfolgen verglichen: Mais-Kartoffeln (MP), Zuckerrübe-Kartoffeln (SP) und Mais-Zuckerrübe-Gerste-Gerste-Kartoffeln. (MSBBP). In Experiment 2 wurde auf Lehmboden ein kontinuierlicher Kartoffelanbau (P) mit den Fruchtfolgen Weizen-Kartoffeln (WP), Zuckerrübe-Kartoffeln (SP) und Weizen-Zuckerrübe-Hafer-Kartoffeln (WSOP) verglichen. In beiden Versuchen steigerte sich der Stengel- und Stolonenbefall mit zunehmender H?ufigkeit des Kartoffelanbaus (Tabellen 1 und 2). Es ergaben sich jedoch keine deutlichen Unterschiede imRhizoctonia-Befall der Tochterknollen bei einem Vergleich von kontinuierlichem Anbau und dem 1∶2 Fruchtfolgen mit Kartoffeln, w?hrendRhizoctonia weniger h?ufig in den Fruchtfolgen MSBBP und WSOP vorkam (Tabellen 3 und 4). Der HyperparasitVerticillium biguttatum kam im Experiment 1 (Abb. 1) besonders in den kurzen Fruchtfolgen P, MP und SP (Tabelle 5) vor, er konnte jedoch nicht den Stengel- und Stolonenbefall mitR. solani verhindern. Bodendesinfektion mit granulierten Nematiziden (Oxamyl, Ethoprofos und Aldicarb) erh?hte den Stengel- und Stolonenbefall mitR. solani betr?chtlich (Tabellen 1 und 2), diese Chemikalien hatten aber eine nur begrenzte Wirkung aufRhizoctonia an Tochterknollen (Tabellen 3 und 4). Der Mechanismus, der die positive Wirkung der Nematizide aufR. solani verursacht, ist nicht bekannt und erfordert eine detailiertere Untersuchung.

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Résumé La fréquence deRhizoctonia solani sur pomme de terre a été étudiée dans deux essais de rotations culturales de 1979 à 1985. Dans le premier essai, conduit en sol sableux, la culture continue de pomme de terre (P) a été comparée aux rotations suivantes: ma?s — pomme de terre (MP); betterave sucrière — pomme de terre (SP); et ma?s — betterave sucrière — orge — orge — pomme de terre (MSBBP). Dans le second essai implanté en sol argileux, la culture continue de pomme de terre (P) a été comparée aux rotations: blé — pomme de terre (WP); betterave sucrière — pomme de terre (SP); et blé — betterave sucrière — avoine — pomme de terre (WSOP). Dans les deux essais, le niveau des attaques sur tiges et sur stolons croit avec la fréquence de la culture de pomme de terre (tableaux 1 et 2). Toutefois, il n'y a pas de différence évidente sur l'état sanitaire de la descendance (sclérotes sur tubercules fils) entre la culture continue et la rotation alternée; cependant, il se forme moins de sclérotes sur les tubercules dans les rotations MSBBP et WSOP (tableaux 3 et 4). L'hyperparasite,Verticillium biguttatum, s'est manifesté dans l'essai 1 (fig. 1), principalement dans les rotations courtes P, MP et SP (tableau 5) mais pas de fa?on suffisante pour empêcher les attaques deR. solani sur tiges et stolons. Le traitement du sol à l'aide de nématicides granulés (oxamyl, ethoprofos et aldicarb), augmente fortement les attaques deR. solani sur tiges et stolons (tableaux 1 et 2), mais ces traitements chimiques n'ont qu'une influence minime sur l'état sanitaire de la descendance (tableaux 3 et 4). Le mécanisme qui conduit à la stimulation deR. solani par ces nématicides n'est pas clairement expliqué et nécessite des recherches détaillées supplémentaires.