Evaluation of Trichoderma harzianum for controlling root rot caused by Phytophthora capsici in pepper plants

The ability of Trichoderma harzianum to control the rotting of pepper ( Capsicum annuum ) plant roots caused by Phytophthora capsici was studied. Interactions between the fungi were assessed in vitro on three culture media (V8c, Czapek and 2% water agar) and in vivo in plants grown in a substrate inoculated with P. capsici and T. harzianum . Studies on mutual antagonism in vitro showed that P. capsici was inhibited by T. harzianum ; however, the intensity of inhibition differed according to the medium used, being greatest on Czapek. Analysis of the fungal populations in the plant growth substrate showed that T. harzianum consistently reduced that of P. capsici over time. This reduction in the pathogen population was associated with a reduction in root rot of between 24 and 76%, although plant growth (dry weight) was still reduced by 21.2–24.7%, compared with the uninoculated control. In the absence of T. harzianum with the same pathogen inoculum levels, the reduction in dry weight was 59.8–68.6%, suggesting that T. harzianum reduced the damage.     

竹醋4种分馏物的抑菌试验

用竹醋 ４ 种分馏物 ＢＶ－ Ｆ,ＢＶ－ Ｍ ,ＢＶ－ Ｕ,ＢＶ－ Ｓ分别对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、桔青霉菌和黑曲霉菌进行抑菌试验．结果表明,竹醋４ 种分馏物对 ４ 种菌都有较强的拮抗作用．ＢＶ－ Ｆ原液和体积分数 １／２～１／１６ 的混合液可杀死培养基表面的全部桔青霉菌,ＢＶ－ Ｆ 原液的最大抑菌圈直径达 ６１ ｍ ｍ ．ＢＶ－ Ｓ对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌的最小体积分数为 １／２５６．ＢＶ－ Ｓ 对桔青霉菌抑菌的最小体积分数为 １／１２８     

拮抗菌P1、P5对葡萄灰霉病菌的抑制作用及其抗真菌谱的测定

从葡萄果穗附生微生物区系分离获得的拮抗细菌P1、P5,对葡萄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)具有很强的拮抗作用。通过对其抑菌效果、机制和抗真菌谱进行测定,结果表明,P1、P5和葡萄灰霉病菌对峙培养5 d后,均产生明显的抑菌带,抑菌带宽度为6.90～9.67 mm,培养10 d后,仍然保持稳定的抑菌效果;P1、P5的发酵原液对葡萄灰霉病菌孢子萌发具有显著的抑制作用,抑制率为97.51%～98.12%;P1、P5对病菌的作用机制表现为使病菌菌丝畸形、原生质浓缩、菌丝断裂、抑制病菌分生孢子的萌发、导致孢子芽管扭曲。对峙培养表明,P1、P5均具有较广的抗真菌谱,对10种供试病原真菌的菌丝生长抑制率都在50%以上。     

利用小麦内生细菌防治小麦全蚀病的初步研究

植物内生细菌是指能定殖在健康植物组织内,并与植物建立了和谐关系的一类细菌。内生细菌对植物的益生作用主要表现为促进植物生长、抑制植物病原物、增加植物的抗逆性和他感作用等几个方面。小麦全蚀病（wheat take-all）作为一种世界毁灭性病害,目前,由于缺乏抗病品种和有效的化学防治药剂,所以利用微生物之间的拮抗作用来控制小麦全蚀病危害具有广阔的应用前景。本研究通过从小麦里分离出内生细菌,从中筛选出对小麦全蚀病菌具有拮抗作用的菌株,在研究其拮抗机制和定殖作用基础上,对其防治小麦全蚀病的作用进行了初步研究。     

Sensitivity of fungi from cereal roots to fluquinconazole and their suppressiveness towards take-all on plants with or without fluquinconazole seed treatment in a controlled environment

The take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici , was highly sensitive to fluquinconazole ( in-vitro EC₅₀ 0·016–0·018 mg L⁻¹), a fungicide developed for use as a seed treatment to control take-all, and to prochloraz (EC₅₀ 0·006 mg L⁻¹). Fungi of other genera that were commonly isolated from cereal roots were sensitive in varying degrees to prochloraz but were relatively insensitive (e.g. Fusarium culmorum , EC₅₀ > 20 mg L⁻¹) or slightly sensitive (e.g. Epicoccum purpurascens , EC₅₀ 0·514 mg L⁻¹) to fluquinconazole. Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis and G. cylindrosporus , weak parasites that can protect roots against take-all, and an unnamed Phialophora sp., all closely related to the take-all fungus, were highly or moderately sensitive to fluquinconazole. Alternaria infectoria and E. purpurascens were most consistently effective in suppressing development of take-all on pot-grown wheat plants dual-inoculated with G. graminis var. tritici and the nonpathogen. Take-all was decreased more on dual-inoculated wheat plants grown from seed treated with fluquinconazole or fluquinconazole plus prochloraz than when only an antagonistic fungus ( A. infectoria , E. purpurascens , Fusarium culmorum or Idriella bolleyi ) or a seed treatment was applied. These fungi were less effective in combination with seed treatments on barley. Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis and G. cylindrosporus , tested on wheat, suppressed take-all only in the absence of fungicides. It is suggested that the performance of seed treatment containing fluquinconazole against take-all may in some circumstances be enhanced by its partial specificity for the take-all fungus.     

油菜花瓣附生真菌区系及对核盘菌拮抗作用的研究

采集油菜不同部位脱落花瓣和未脱落花瓣进行附生真菌区系的分析,得到1908个菌株．除了核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum外,其他真菌经鉴定后主要属于10个属,它们是短梗霉属Aureubas／d／umspp．、镰刀菌属Fusarium spp．、交链孢菌属Alternaria spp．、葡萄孢属Botrytis spp．、黑葱花霉属Pericorda spp．、曲霉属Aspergillus spp．、黑孢属Nigrospora spp．、青霉属Peniccillium spp．、木霉属Trichoderma spp．和附球孢菌属Epicoccum spp．．其中,短梗霉菌、镰刀菌和交链孢菌为优势真菌群．通过菌丝间的相互作用、对峙培养方法测定160个菌株对核盘菌抑制作用．结果表明,供试菌株与核盘菌之间存在重寄生作用和溶菌作用等方面的拮抗机制．并初步筛选得到了一批拮抗作用较强、定殖能力也强的菌株．     

一株香蕉枯萎病拮抗菌的鉴定及香蕉组培袋装苗防病试验

采用平板对峙法从海南省土壤中分离到5株对香蕉枯萎病有较强拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌,经形态特征及16S rDNA序列将菌株S40鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。菌株S40的拮抗试验表明,不同浓度的发酵滤液均可抑制病原菌菌丝生长和孢子的萌发和生长。组培袋装苗实验表明拮抗菌可明显推迟其发病和死亡时间,三种不同处理的相对防治效果分别为71.2%、83.3%和92.4%。     

不同昆虫病原线虫共生细菌对草莓灰霉病菌的抑制作用

为了探明不同昆虫病原线虫共生细菌对草莓灰霉病菌的抑制效果,本研究测定了2株伯氏致病杆菌(Xenorhabdus bovieniiHJ4)和(X.bovienii HF22)及2株发光杆菌(Photorhabdus luminescens F30-4)和(Pho-torhabdus sp.S21)对灰霉(Botrytis cinerea)的抑菌活性。结果表明:4个菌株的培养液对灰霉病菌均有一定的抑制作用,稀释5倍的培养液对菌丝生长抑制率达70%~85%,稀释10倍的培养液抑菌效果仍达50%以上。其中HF22菌株效果最好,其稀释5倍的培养液抑菌效果可达84.92%;另外,滤液对灰霉病菌的孢子萌发也有一定的抑制作用,其中HJ4菌株效果最好,稀释5倍时达34.98%。HF22菌株的细胞10倍稀释液、滤液10倍稀释液的抑菌率分别为74.19%和18.92%,可见其抑菌物质主要存在于细胞中。用不同温度对HF22菌株的细胞、滤液进行处理,结果表明温度对其滤液抑菌活性无影响,而其细胞能耐50℃处理10 min,但在70℃处理10 min时,其抑菌活性显著下降;HF22菌株的滤液经20 W紫外灯照射0.51、h时,对其抑菌活性无显著影响,而细胞经紫外线照射0.5 h时其抑菌活性则显著降低。     

氮循环菌群的构建鉴定及其脱氮性能研究

南氨化菌、亚硝化菌、硝化菌和反硝化菌构成的氮循环菌,在代谢过程中可将含氮物质最终转化为无害的氮气释放到空气中,有效地降低水体中氮的浓度.利用从活性污泥、猪粪发酵液、鱼塘水及上壤等多种环境样品中分离得到效果较好的氨化细菌5株、亚硝化细菌4株、硝化细菌4株及反硝化细菌5株,选取不存在拮抗作用的不同氮循环功能的菌株构建菌群,并对其脱氮能力进行测定研究.结果表明,AGIQ和AGMR两个组合的脱氮能力较强,在室内模拟富营养化水样中,4 d内脱氮率分别可以达到80.92％和82.36％,这两个组合不仅能够降低总氮和氨氮浓度,而且不积累亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮.对效果最好的AGMR组合的4个菌株进行了菌种鉴定,确定分离的菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、门多萨假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mendocina)、蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和类产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes).     

外源硒和耐硒细菌对镉胁迫下水稻生长、生理和硒镉积累的影响

镉是我国农田土壤中毒性最强和最普遍的污染物之一。硒镉间的拮抗作用已被大量研究所证实,但硒的施用量和耐硒细菌对植物硒镉积累的影响尚不明确。本文通过盆栽试验,研究了添加外源硒和接种耐硒细菌Lysinibacillus macrolides DS15菌株对镉胁迫下水稻的生长、生理代谢以及硒镉含量的影响。研究表明,外源硒使水稻株高显著增加,促进了水稻对硒的积累,降低了超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase,SOD）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）活性。与对照相比,低硒（0.5 mg·kg^-1 Na₂SeO₃）和高硒处理（2.0 mg·kg^-1 Na₂SeO₃）使水稻根际土壤有效镉含量分别下降了32.24%和9.43%,并减少了水稻地上部分对镉的积累和镉向地上部的运输。低硒处理对土壤中镉的钝化以及对镉胁迫的缓解作用均显著优于高硒处理。与对照相比,不接种L.macroides时高硒处理反而造成水稻镉含量显著增加。接种L.macroides使水稻生物量增加了1.79倍,降低了水稻的硒含量,使SOD和CAT活性升高,根际土壤有效镉含量下降了18.46%,降低了水稻对镉的积累和运输。外源硒和接种L.macroides的交互作用对水稻硒、镉积累和运输均有显著影响,低硒、接种处理可以降低水稻镉含量,而高硒、接种处理可减少镉向地上部分的运输。研究表明,适量的硒和接种DS15可以降低土壤中镉的有效性,减少水稻对镉的积累和运输。