杜英,桤木等菇木树种的生长节律

采用标准地调查和标准株定位观察对人工菇木林杜英,桤木等树种进行了连续５年的年生长量调查和２年的物候期观察及年生长周期的测定。经调查测试结果表明,在相同环境条件下,各树种的物候与生长有关。叶芽萌动早的树种生长快年生长期长,而林木的年生长周期和幼林期的长短因不同而异,如桤木,银荆造林头１￣２年生长很快,第２年就有部分植株开花进入性成熟,标志进入成年期,而马褂木,麻栎等树种造林后第５年,枝高生长还呈直线     

Effect of growth on wood properties for Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi): Differences of annual ring structure between corewood and outerwood

To investigate the relations between growth and the wood properties of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi), six sample trees of varied ages and radial growth were felled and the ring width, ring density, percentage of latewood, and some other factors were determined. There were significant differences in ring density and percentage of latewood between sample trees with vigorous growth and those with poor growth. In corewood the ring density decreased with increasing ring width for all sample trees, whereas in outerwood this trend did not appear. Moreover, the latewood width increased with the increment of ring width only in outerwood, whereas there was almost no change in the corewood. The variation in patterns of ring width, ring density, and percentage of latewood in the radial direction and the relation with height was also studied.Part of this report was presented at the 47th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kochi, April 1997     

基于薄云雾去除的ETM+影像大气校正

中国南方农业遥感监测中,遥感影像常常受到薄云雾影响,大气的散射与吸收作用会使传感器接收到的地物反射率与真实值之间存在差距,是导致数据质量下降的主要原因,薄云雾去除和大气校正处理是十分必要的。该研究利用LandSat-7/ETM+影像,结合背景抑制云雾厚度因子（BSHTI）云检测方法和虚拟云点（VCP）云去除方法进行薄云雾去除,并与暗元法去云处理结果对比分析,然后将去云处理后的影像进行FLAASH大气校正,选取校正前后典型地物的光谱特征和NDVI值进行分析评价。结果表明,BSHTI-VCP法可有效消除薄云雾对遥感数据的影响,提高了云雾覆盖范围的影像质量;FLAASH大气校正较好地消除了大气影响,获得了地物真实地表反射率。该研究为南方作物遥感监测中定量反演与信息解译提供了良好理论支持。     

Can agricultural management emulate natural ecosystems in recharge control in south eastern Australia?

Water balance information at locations across southern Australia is analysed to identify mechanistic causes for higher water tables under agricultural systems compared to natural vegetation. Contrasting patterns of water use indicate pronounced physiological activity in summer by natural ecosystems ensuring the persistence of the dominant perennial species. A strategy of tempered water use during periods of rainfall excess in winter/spring enables seasonal carryover of soil water to be withdrawn by deep roots for summer functioning. Characteristic patterns of water use by agricultural systems, comprised mainly of determinant annual species, are truncated in time but feature elevated peak rates coinciding with periods of maximum soil water availability during the cooler months. Low seasonal vapour pressure deficit explains the observed benefits of enhanced biomass production due to high water use efficiency. The associated limited scope for soil water uptake carries the penalty of increased frequency of drainage and the subsequent resource degradation currently associated with farmland. Inclusion of a perennial lucerne phase in rotation with crops confers environmental benefit through summer uptake from a rooting depth double that of crops. An effective buffer is thus provided to restrict drainage under an ensuing cropping phase in a manner that more closely emulates natural systems. Simulations of phase farming point to a halving in long term drainage. They suggest adoption over a range of arable land units could cause local retreat of water tables by 0.3 m y⁻¹ initially, leading to a new equilibrium level which would still remain elevated with respect to that under natural vegetation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

茶树光合作用的年变化

一年中茶树叶片的净光合速率有2个低谷,分别出现在1和4月份（分别为2．50和4．02μmol·m－2·s－1）;有2个高峰,第1个出现在3月份（5．91μmol·m－2·s－1）,第2个出现在6和8月份（分别为8．75和8．23μmol·m－2·s－1）．全年中5～8月份净光合速率均维持在较高水平．茶树光合年变化受生理生态因子的影响,特别是主导因子的影响．多元统计分析、主成分分析和通径分析表明,光合有效辐射、叶温和气温是茶园生态系统的主导因子（此三者第1主成分的特征向量分别为0．4467、0．4335和0．4356;P光合有效福射→Y＝1．1543,P气温→Y＝－1．0808,P气温→光合有效辐射→Y＝1．0653,P叶温→光合有效辐射→Y＝1．0685）．生理因子中气孔导度对茶树叶片的净光合速率影响最大（气孔导度第1主成分的特征向县为—0．4464,P气孔导度→Y＝－0．3723）．     

磷肥和石灰对酸性土壤上一年生黑麦草生长的影响

在二种强酸性、严重缺磷的土壤上,对一年生黑麦草做了磷肥和石灰用量的盆栽试验．结果表明：严重缺磷的土壤,施磷可成倍增加黑麦草产量;黄筋泥需磷量相对红砂土较高些．施磷量与收获后土壤速效磷含量与黑麦草产量密切相关,但土壤速效磷的等级指标,红砂土应比黄筋泥高些．石灰的增产作用远比磷肥低,增产效果还因施磷量不同而不同．在施石灰提高土壤ｐＨ达５．５的范围内,施磷量低的处理产量随石灰施用量的增加而增加;施磷量较高时,石灰的增产效果停留在低石灰用量上．     

全国多环芳烃年排放量估算

根据排放因子和相关排放活动的统计资料,估算了USEPA优先污染物清单中16种PAHs的全国年排放量。结果表明,1999年16种PAHs排放总量约为9799t,其中7种致癌性PAHs排放总量约2000t。主要排放源为家庭燃煤和炼焦,两者分别占总排放量的66.6%和30.6%。在75%置信区间上,估算结果的不确定性大致为正负一个数量级。PAHs排放谱中荧蒽、蒽、芘以及高环化合物比例显著高于北美大湖地区。     

Experimental infection of Mytilus edulis by two Vibrio splendidus-related strains: Determination of pathogenicity level of strains and influence of the origin and annual cycle of mussels on their sensitivity

This study aimed at assessing the pathogenicity of two Vibrio splendidus-related species and evaluating the influence of the origin and annual life cycle of mussels on their sensitivity during a bacterial challenge. Thus, in vivo infection assays were made with Vibrio crassostreae 7T4_12 and Vibrio splendidus 3G1_6, over, respectively, thirteen and 9 months, on adult blue mussels from five recruitment areas in France. Two bacterial concentrations were tested: one consistent with the loads of Vibrio spp. in environment and mussel tissues (~10⁵ CFU/ml) and another one much higher (~10⁸ CFU/ml). The tested environmental concentration has no pathogenic effect whatever the time of year, the strain used and the origin of mussels. However, at the highest concentration, a pathogenic effect was observed only at specific moments, and one of the origins appeared to be more resistant. The physiological state of mussels—depending on the time of year—seemed significant in mussels’ sensitivity, as their recruitment origin. This study is the first to test the pathogenicity of V. splendidus-related strains at concentrations close to what is found in the wild, over the annual cycle of mussels, and considering their origin.     

高原地区多年生与一年生禾本科牧草混播效果

在高原地区退耕还草示范种植中,利用牧区广泛种植的一年生禾本科牧草燕麦Avena sativa与进口的多年生禾本科牧草细茎冰草Efymus trachycaulum混播。结果表明：燕麦和细茎冰草混播既能克服单一种植多年生禾本科牧草时的杂草危害问题,也能使退耕当年就获得较好的经济效益,解决了种植当年的收成问题,使项目建设的效益及早得到体现。第1年燕麦开花期鲜草产量为2.49 kg/m2, 细茎冰草第2年能够良好生长,第2年细茎冰草开花期鲜草产量为1.48 kg/m2,生长后期鲜草产量为1.76 kg/m2。     

基于变论域模糊理论的温室番茄智能控温策略

为了对北方温室番茄种植进行精准的温度控制,根据番茄各生长时期的温度特性,运用温度积温理论以及变论域模糊控制理论提出了符合北方温室番茄种植的智能温度控制策略。利用温度积温法对温度阈值进行计算使其可以适应外界环境的动态变化,通过变论域模糊控制理论解决传统模糊控制方式因结构参数相对固定而不适用于高精度控制的难题,提升了稳定性以及系统的响应时间,降低了控制误差。仿真实验表明,该温度控制策略相比PID控制,在响应时间及超调量方面有54.17%和75%的提升;相比传统模糊控制,在响应时间及超调量方面有35.29%和55.56%的提升。温室实验表明,与原有控制策略相比,在日间与夜间控制方面,使用该控制策略的室内平均温度均更接近于期望温度值,同时节约近10%的能量消耗,有效提高能源利用率。