Achromatopsia in three sibling Labrador Retrievers in the UK

Achromatopsia was identified in three Labrador Retriever littermates. The dogs demonstrated day blindness, negotiating obstacles under low‐light conditions, but apparently blind when outdoors. One of the dogs presented with immature bilateral diffuse posterior cortical cataracts and clinical signs of day blindness became apparent following cataract extraction surgery. Electroretinography demonstrated an absence of a cone photoreceptor response to a bright stimulus and a flicker response of 30 Hz in all three dogs. No fundic lesions have been apparent ophthalmoscopically in any of the dogs as the initial presentation of each case. No abnormalities were detected with DNA screening for known mutations of the CNGB3 gene in any of the dogs.     

基于LS-SVM的小水电站年发电量智能预测模型

针对小水电站年发电量序列的特点,将最小二乘支持向量机(least squares support vector machine,LS-SVM)回归模型引入年发电量预测领域,并给出了相应的过程和算法。与常规基于人工神经网络(artificial neural net-works,ANN)的智能预测方法比较,该模型优点是明显的:①将神经网络迭代学习问题转化为直接求解多元线性方程;②整个训练过程中有且仅有一个全局极值点,确定了预测的稳定性。最后,一个实际的预测例子表明:该模型实现容易、预测准确,适用于小水电站预测。     

基于小波分析的年最大径流预测方

径流序列可以看成是各种不同成分线性叠加构成的时间序列。利用小波变换良好的局部化时频分析能力，将年最大径流序列进行分解，使其趋势项、周期项和随机项得以分离。各子序列分别代表不同的时间尺度，反映了各种物理因素对径流过程的影响。然后根据各子序列的特性分别建立幂函数、周期函数或ARMA模型并进行预测。最后将各子序列的预测值合成，得到年最大径流序列的预测值。对宜昌站1991年至2002年最大径流量的预测结果表明，该方法是切实可行的。并指出小波包变换在分析中、高频信息方面优于小波变换，有助于进一步提高预测的精度。     

水库汛期分期方法研究及其应用

应用矢量统计法和相对频率法，基于年最大值取样以及超定量取样进行汛期分期计算，并与现有的方法进行比较研究。实例应用结果表明，这两种方法均可用于汛期的分期计算中，具有一定的实用价值。     

青藏高原低云量的年际变化及其稳定性

利用青藏高原80个测站1961-2000年1～12月低云量资料,分析了青藏高原低云量的年际变化规律.结果表明:青藏高原的低云量从东南向西北减少,云量的稳定性夏季高于冬季,南部高于北部.江河上游区域、藏东谷地、川西高原、甘南高原和祁连山区是青藏高原低云量多,且比较稳定的地区;青藏高原西部低云量月变化振幅大,尤以西南部为最,夏季云量最多;高原东南部江河上游区和藏东谷地3～9月低云量多,且起伏变化小,6月和9月出现峰值;高原东南部低云量稳定性较好;低云量的年际变化总体呈下降趋势, 江河上游区和高原东南部的低云量变化缓慢,高原西北部有显著上升趋势;变化趋势在季节上表现为冬、春、夏、秋西北上升西南下降,春、秋季中东部持平,夏、冬略降.     

CO2浓度升高和磷素亏缺对黑麦草气孔特征及气体交换参数的影响

为深入理解未来大气CO2浓度升高背景下草地生态系统结构与功能响应土壤磷亏缺的潜在机理,该研究利用可精准控制CO2浓度的大型人工气候室,探讨了正常CO2浓度400 μmol/mol、升高CO2浓度800 μmol/mol和磷素供应水平（0.004、0.012、0.02、0.06、0.1和0.5 mmol/L）对黑麦草气孔特征及其气体交换过程的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高使供磷水平0.1和0.5 mmol/L的气孔密度增加约35%（P=0.012）和25%（P<0.001）,但却减小气孔开度13%（P=0.002）和12%（P=0.005）,且导致供磷水平为0.06 mmol/L的黑麦草气孔分布更加规则。同时,CO2浓度升高还导致供磷水平0.1和0.5 mmol/L的净光合速率显著增加8.6%（P=0.002）和15.8%（P<0.001）,从而提高黑麦草的水分利用效率。另外,不同供磷水平明显改变了植株生物量及其分配,且高浓度CO2对较高磷水平时地上生长产生更强的施肥效应。研究结果将为深入理解草地生态系统对大气CO2浓度升高和土壤磷素亏缺的响应机理提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

夏休闲期复种饲料油菜提升后作冬小麦产量品质、土壤肥力及周年经济效益研究

为明确晋中麦区夏休闲期复种饲料油菜的可行性,试验于2015-2016年采用大田试验法,研究了夏休闲期复种饲料油菜对后作冬小麦生长、麦田土壤养分及周年经济效益的影响。前茬小麦收获后复种油菜,供试油菜和小麦品种分别为华油杂62和CA0547,设置3个处理:以不种油菜的休闲田作为对照(CK₀),油菜地上部被收获为CK₁,油菜被全量还田为T。结果表明,与CK₀和CK₁相比,T有利于增加后作冬小麦抽穗前单株绿叶数,提高生育中后期植株干物质及N、P积累,保持灌浆期旗叶面积,进而增加穗粒数,提高籽粒产量,提高籽粒蛋白质及醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量;同时T有利于提高后作冬小麦020 cm土层土壤有机质含量、040 cm土层土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性。此外,从油菜-小麦周年经济效益来看,CK₁较CK₀和T分别高出128.9%和260.0%。综合分析可知,夏休闲期复种饲料油菜并且全量还田可以提高小麦产量,提升籽粒品质,改良土壤有机质含量和土壤酶活性;夏休期复种饲料油菜并收获可以获得更高的周年经济效益。本研究结果为合理利用夏休闲期以提升小麦产量与品质、改良土壤、提高年经济效益提供了理论依据。     

农田土壤碳氮及其与气象因子的关系

为揭示土壤碳氮受外界环境因子的影响,基于辽宁省51个农业气象站的代表性,分析了土壤有机碳和全氮的剖面分布及其与气象因子、地理因子的关系。结果表明,土壤表层（0~20 cm）有机碳和全氮含量总体高于土壤下层（20~40 cm）;不同土层土壤有机碳和全氮受年降水量、年平均气温的影响程度不同。土壤表层有机碳和全氮受年降水量、年平均气温的显著或极显著影响（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;土壤下层有机碳和全氮均与年平均气温呈显著负相关（P〈0.01）,而与年降水量不成显著相关。经度与土壤表层有机碳和土壤下层全氮呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）,而纬度和海拔不影响土壤有机碳和全氮。不同土层有机碳、全氮与气象因子的回归方程为农田生态系统的碳收支评估及养分循环提供基础资料。     

近50年安徽淮北平原降水变化特征分析

选取淮北平原6个典型代表气象站的逐年降水观测资料,采用数理统计方法、趋势拟合和R／S分析等方法,分析了年降水量、主汛期降水量和暴雨日数的变化特征。结果表明,淮北平原年降水量和主汛期降水量增加并不明显,但年际间波动较大,年降水平均变异系数0．26,最大极差在1150mm以上;主汛期降水量变异系数0．39,极比达到5．07,导致旱涝频繁发生。趋势分析表明,20世纪90年代以来,淮北平原多雨年和少雨年都呈增加的趋势,暴雨日数也呈明显增多的趋势。R／S分析得出,未来淮北平原的降水仍呈宽幅震荡的趋势,旱涝灾害仍是制约当地农业生产的主导因素。     

Use of a cyclic high-pressure sodium lamp to inhibit flowering of chrysanthemum and velvet sage

Photoperiod is commonly controlled in the commercial production of ornamental crops to induce or prevent flowering. Flower induction in short-day (SD) plants can be prevented or delayed when the natural daylength is short by providing low-intensity lighting during the dark period. A stationary high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp with an oscillating aluminum parabolic reflector (cyclic HPS) has been developed to provide intermittent lighting to greenhouse crops. We determined the efficacy of a cyclic HPS lamp at preventing flowering in SD plants garden chrysanthemum [Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam.] ‘Bianca’, pot chrysanthemum ‘Auburn’, and velvet sage (Salvia leucantha L.) relative to traditional night interruption (NI) lighting strategies. Plants were grown in a glass-glazed greenhouse at a mean daily temperature of 19.5–20.7 °C with natural SD photoperiods. NI lighting was delivered during the middle of the night (2230–0230 h) from a 600 W cyclic HPS lamp mounted at one gable end of the greenhouse or from incandescent (INC) lamps that were illuminated for the entire 4 h (CONT INC) or for 6 min every 30 min for 4 h. Plants under cyclic HPS were grown at lateral distances of 1, 4, 7, 10, or 13 m from under the lamp. Control plants were grown under an uninterrupted 15 h skotoperiod. As the distance from the cyclic HPS lamp increased from 1 to 13 m, the maximum irradiance measured during the NI decreased from 25.4 to 0.3 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and time to visible inflorescence (VI) and the number of nodes at VI decreased. All species had a VI within 54 d, but ≤10% of plants flowered when grown at a lateral distance of 1 or 4 m from the cyclic HPS lamp or under CONT INC. Plants grown without NI had a VI 2 to 15 d earlier and flowered 7 to 24 d earlier than plants grown at 10 or 13 m from the cyclic HPS. All garden chrysanthemums flowered under cyclic INC, whereas velvet sage and pot chrysanthemum had 15% and 35% flowering, respectively. These results indicate that a cyclic HPS lamp can be used effectively to delay flower induction and prevent flowering in these species when NI is delivered at ≥2.4 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹.