疼痛应激对畜禽的影响及对策

疼痛是由伤害性刺激引起的一种常见应激反应,已成为影响动物生产繁殖性能和畜产品品质的重要因素之一。文章综述疼痛应激的神经内分泌调节机制及其对动物生理机能和行为的影响,并提出针对性的应对措施,为预防和减少动物疼痛提供理论依据,对改善动物福利具有重要的现实意义。     

蛋氨酸羟基类似物的生产工艺及其在动物营养中的应用

蛋氨酸羟基类似物(MHA)作为蛋氨酸(Met)替代物被广泛应用于饲料添加剂中.MHA因其特殊的结构性质,不仅具备Met的营养功能,而且可以发挥Met不具备的酸化剂、抗生素等功能.随着我国畜牧和饲料添加剂行业的发展,MHA合成方法的研究及应用必将得到进一步的关注,因此,本文概述了MHA的生产工艺及其在动物营养中的应用.     

动物福利与我国养鸡生产

动物福利受到越来越多国家和组织的关注与重视．成为一个重要的国际公共政策问题。动物福利已经成为国际贸易中一种新型的贸易壁垒。我国养鸡生产中的蛋鸡、肉鸡饲养中存在的动物福利问题比较突出。研究养鸡生产中的动物福利的目的是使鸡健康生存、优质高产。     

杭州七格污水处理厂紫外线消毒系统的运行分析

对杭州七格污水处理厂三期工程的紫外消毒系统的运行情况进行了系统分析。结果表明:该紫外消毒系统的设计规模为60万t/d;紫外消毒系统的运行效果受进水透光率和进水悬浮物浓度的影响;工程运行期间,依据紫外消毒系统进水水质情况,调整消毒设备运行方案,变化紫外灯管的运行数量,消毒效果较为理想,经过紫外消毒系统后的出水粪大肠菌群数除特殊几天外均能达到设计的出水标准。     

Nitrogen Balance in Forage Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Tachisuzuka) Cultivation in Pots with Animal Manure Application

Abstract

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the nitrogen (N) balance in forage rice cultivation using animal manure in 1/2,000a Wagner pots in a greenhouse. The cattle manure and poultry manure were applied at 3 levels of N (0, 14, 28 g available N m^–2) without additional chemical fertilizer application. The pots were designed to simulate the fluid percolation in the paddy field. The results indicated increasing levels of N input improved plant height, tiller number, SPAD value and biomass (straw, grain and root) production, however, N leaching from soil (Andosols) due to percolating water also increased. The planting of rice plants proved to reduce 30% of the N leaching loss. N use efficiency, the ratio of N uptake by plant per unit N application, decreased in higher N application. The N uptake by the above-ground parts occupied about 66% of the whole plants.     

Advances in the Design of Resource-Efficient Cropping Systems

SUMMARY

Cropping systems in the Midwest USA are evolving as farmers seek labor-efficient designs to capture and use available light and precipitation. Heavy reliance on fossil fuels and other energy-intensive production inputs coupled with uncertain markets for commodities have encouraged the search for greater energy efficiency as well as alternative crops, markets, and production systems. Agroecology has emerged as an innovative and integrative approach to evaluating systems more suited to the often harsh and unpredictable environment, using native prairie structure and function as one guide to design of future systems. A more specific approach, Natural Systems Agriculture, is being explored as a new paradigm to saving soil while producing the crop and animal output needed for a growing global population. Whole-farm and landscape-level design and planning will become more important as society recognizes and values multifunctional rural landscapes.     

Feeding value of pastures for ruminants

Perennial ryegrass is the primary forage component of ruminant diets in New Zealand. It is persistent and palatable, and immature ryegrass has a high nutritive value (NV). However, seed-head development substantially lowers its feeding value (FV) as fibre concentration increases, the rate and extent of digestibility decreases, and voluntary intake declines. Ryegrass pastures are susceptible to accumulation of endophytic and saprophytic fungi in dead material at the base of the sward, especially when mature and laxly grazed. Feeding forage legumes to ruminants grazing grass-dominant pastures will improve animal performance and lessen the reliance on a single species to meet all nutritional requirements.

The FV of forage is a function of intake and NV, measured by chemical analyses and animal feeding trials. Performance of individual animals grazing forages is usually limited by energy intake because structural fibre can slow digestion and clearance from the rumen and because of competition between individuals for available feed. The use of metabolisable energy (ME) content of forage to signify FV can give a reasonable indication of animal performance, but it should be used in conjunction with chemical analyses to improve the accuracy of predictions.

The relationship between FV, pasture production, animal performance and profitability is complex. The importance of skilled management to maintain pasture quality and optimise animal performance under inconsistent climatic conditions should not be underestimated. Acceptable animal performance with minimal veterinary intervention requires good nutrition, but the genetic potential of livestock in New Zealand cannot be met solely by grazing pasture, especially when a high utilisation of pasture is required to maintain quality and profitability.

Producers are responding to industry demands to reduce the seasonality in supply of milk and meat by changing lambing and calving dates, and extending lactation length in dairy cows. Social changes include adoption of once-daily milking in the dairy industry. Some changes have necessitated increased use of supplements and others can be met by feeding forages with a higher FV than ryegrass, all of which require an improved knowledge of feed quality. This information is available through rapid and inexpensive near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis, enabling animal nutritional needs to be balanced by appropriate nutrient supply. It is essential that producers continue to improve animal welfare, limit excessive use of fertilisers and meet the demands of overseas consumers. Good nutrition, with an increased use of legumes and other forages to complement ryegrass pastures, will enable these objectives to be achieved.