黑龙江省奶牛小区建设生产关键环节的探讨

随着奶牛养殖业的快速、持续发展,饲料浪费、环境污染和奶牛疫病等问题日益突出,加快推进畜牧业生产方式转变已成为人们的共识.各地在转变生产方式的实践中总结出了很多行之有效的方法,其中养殖小区就是比较普遍的一种.为此,对黑龙江省奶牛小区的建设、生产中的关键环节及关键技术进行了深入细致的分析和阐述,旨在为黑龙江省奶牛养殖小区的规划设计、建设施工和生产运行提供理论依据.     

Degradation Studies of the Non-lethal Bird Repellent,Methyl Anthranilate

Methyl anthranilate (MA), a food grade flavor and fragrance additive, has been reported to be an effective non-lethal bird repellent in a variety of situations. Despite the experimental success of MA, field studies have yielded widely differing levels of efficacy. Diminished efficacy in some field trials probably results from the failure of specific formulations to retain or protect the active ingredient under natural conditions. Therefore, a clearer understanding of the physical and chemical factors affecting the stability of MA is needed. We undertook a series of laboratory studies on hydrolysis, photolysis and microbial degradation of MA, the results of which could be useful in the development of appropriate formulation strategies and residue analyses. We found the n-octanol:water partition coefficient, (P) to be 84. MA is not subject to hydrolysis at 25°C in phosphate buffer media at pH 5·0, 7·0 and 9·0. MA slowly photodegrades under simulated UV ‘sunlight’. Forty-four percent of MA is lost after 432 h illuminance at 1·25 mW cm⁻², which is equivalent to approximately 1200 h natural sunlight (40°N, noontime, June). Kinetic data indicate that the initial step of photolysis, subsequent to excitation, is a second-order reaction with respect to MA. A major photodegradation product appeared in an amount of about 10% of the mass balance and was determined to be an oxidized trimer of MA. MA is primarily affected by aerobic microbial degradation. For a 12:12 h light:dark, under laboratory illumination, 12% of water-solubilized material can be lost in the first seven days. Losses were 30% and 42% at 16 and 27 days, respectively. Under conditions of optimal bacterial growth (warmth and darkness) loss of MA was 22% at nine days and 100% by 20 days. The susceptibility of MA to microbial degradation is promising for the prospects of developing formulated, environmentally safe, bird repellents.     

贵州省畜产品质量安全问题

为了提高畜产品的质量安全,确保畜牧业稳定、持续发展,对贵州省畜产品质量安全的现状、存在问题及原因、今后发展对策等,进行了全方位探讨。     

不同有机肥对土壤及核桃果实品质的影响

为探究‘辽宁1号’核桃较适宜的有机肥种类及施肥方式,以‘辽宁1号’核桃树为试验材料,利用半焦肥、鸡粪及生物菌肥三种有机肥进行施肥处理,检测不同有机肥对土壤及核桃产量品质的影响。结果表明,生物菌肥施肥能显著提高果仁黄酮含量;鸡粪能显著提高果仁Fe、Zn含量以及土壤速效磷、速效钾含量;5.0 kg半焦肥能显著提高果仁多酚、土壤有机质含量;10.0 kg半焦肥施肥能显著提高核桃单果重、横径、脂肪含量,矿质元素中K、Ca、Mg、Cu的含量以及土壤全磷含量。综合比较,10.0 kg/株半焦肥施肥对核桃相关果实品质的影响较大;根据隶属函数分析得出10.0 kg/株半焦肥施肥是较优施肥方式。     

豆科绿肥对四川丘陵区橘园间作效应的初步研究

为明确豆科绿肥对四川丘陵区橘园产量、品质、产值及土壤肥力的影响,2011-2013年在四川省西充县进行了试验研究。结果表明：（1）橘园间作豆科作物柑橘产量比对照提高3.3%-5.7%、但增产不显著;（2）凡涉及间作大豆的模式,经济产值极显著提高、比对照增加14.3%-16.2%;（3）凡间种豆科绿肥的模式,柑橘品质和土壤养分都有明显改善,柑橘总糖提高13.1%-15.5%、可溶性固形物提高17.4%-20.2%、Vc 提高13.6%-16.3%、可滴定酸降低10.3%-11.8%,土壤有机质增加13.2%-15.9%、全氮增加6.3%-8.7%、全磷增加8.0%-10.6%、速效钾增加6.2%-8.7%。橘园间作豆科绿肥和间作大豆-绿肥的综合效应良好,可选择应用。     

动物腹腔手术后粘连的成因及防制概述

就术后粘连发生的诱因、发生机理进行了阐述,并结合动物粘连模型的试验研究结果及临床研究结果,对预防腹腔手术后粘连的药物和方法进行了综述。     

施用畜禽有机肥对辽河三角洲养蟹稻田水土环境的影响

经3 a的试验研究,探讨了施用畜禽有机肥对辽河三角洲养蟹稻田水土环境的影响.结果显示,畜禽有机肥可极显著地增加养蟹稻田耕层土壤的速效氮、磷、钾的供应量,显著增加有机质含量,最终显著增加水稻产量,增产的幅度可达10.6％～14.8％.畜禽有机肥可降低耕层土壤氧化还原电位(Eh),增大田面水体中BOD5、COD的含量,所以...     

Embryo-mediated genome editing for accelerated genetic improvement of livestock

Selecting beneficial DNA variants is the main goal of animal breeding. However, this process is inherently inefficient because each animal only carries a fraction of all desirable variants. Genome editing technology with its ability to directly introduce beneficial sequence variants offers new opportunities to modernize animal breeding by overcoming this biological limitation and accelerating genetic gains. To realize rapid genetic gain, precise edits need to be introduced into genomically-selected embryos, which minimizes the genetic lag. However, embryo-mediated precision editing by homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms is currently an inefficient process that often produces mosaic embryos and greatly limits the numbers of available edited embryos. This review provides a summary of genome editing in bovine embryos and proposes an embryo-mediated accelerated breeding scheme that overcomes the present efficiency limitations of HDR editing in bovine embryos. It integrates embryo-based genomic selection with precise multi-editing and uses embryonic cloning with elite edited blastomeres or embryonic pluripotent stem cells to resolve mosaicism, enable multiplex editing and multiply rare elite genotypes. Such a breeding strategy would enable a more targeted, accelerated approach for livestock improvement that allows stacking of beneficial variants, even including novel traits from outside the breeding population, in the most recent elite genetic background, essentially within a single generation.     

绿肥翻压后减肥和基施控释肥对烟叶产质量和土壤肥力的影响

为研究绿肥（豌豆）翻压后合理施用肥料问题,采用田间小区试验,在翻压绿肥的基础上通过减少基肥用量和控释肥代替部分基肥,研究其对烟叶产量、产值和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,绿肥翻压可以提高低有机质土壤（有机质含量<10 g/kg）的有机质含量,对其他土壤化学性质无显著影响;绿肥翻压后将基肥减少15%和30%对烟叶产量、产值无显著影响,对烟叶化学成分无明显影响。在减少15%基肥后,将剩余基肥的50%以控释肥代替,可以显著提高烟叶产量和产值,提高烟叶钾含量和钾/氯比,改善烟叶品质。     

有机肥替代化肥对棉花生长发育和产量的影响

【目的】研究不同有机肥替代化肥对棉花生长发育和产量的影响。【方法】以陇棉3号为试材,采用田间随机区组排列试验,研究有机肥与化肥不同配施比例对棉花生育期、营养器官和生殖器官干重、叶面积指数、花铃期光合速率、产量及其构成的影响。【结果】不同有机肥替代化肥延长了棉花生育期2～6 d,且用生物有机肥替代40%化肥的情况延长生育期的时间最长。各处理的叶面积指数从苗期到花铃期上升,花铃期升至最大,随后在吐絮期下降。在花铃期和吐絮期,6个处理中T5处理的叶面积指数最大。施用有机肥对棉花花铃期的光合速率无显著影响。普通有机肥和生物有机肥替代化肥能够获得与常规施肥相应的产量。而生物有机肥替代40%化肥显著增加了绒长、籽棉产量和皮棉产量。【结论】棉花生产过程中可以用生物有机肥来替代化肥,达到减用化肥、增产增效的效果。