苯磺隆除草剂对农田土壤动物影响的研究

通过苯磺隆除草剂的模拟实验,研究了除草剂对土壤动物的影响。本实验共获得土壤动物1031个,隶属3门、5纲、9目。其中弹尾目和甲螨亚目为优势类群,其余为常见类群。本实验结果表明,随着苯磺隆除草剂处理浓度的提高,土壤动物种类和数量呈递减趋势。弹尾目和甲螨亚目可作为农药污染的重要指示生物。     

转录组学技术在水产动物研究中的运用

近年来,转录组学技术及其在水产动物中的研究备受研究者的广泛关注.转录组学技术主要有基于杂交技术和测序技术为基础的两大类技术;两类技术在水产动物的转录组学研究中均得到了广泛运用.尤其是二代测序技术的出现使得水产动物的转录组学研究达到了前所未有的热度.本实验综述了近年来水产动物在免疫应答、生长发育、生物进化和毒理学方面的转录组学研究进展.在综述已有成果的基础上,分析了转录组学技术自身存在的局限性和现阶段转录组学在水产动物研究中面临的问题与挑战,并对未来水产动物转录组学研究趋势进行了展望.     

强化灌草造林模式促进后续产业发展--对山西省偏关县林业发展的调查

通过对山西省偏关县退耕还林、加快后续产业发展主要做法的调查。认为柠条先行、灌草结合、兴林促牧是一条改善生态、发展经济、农民增益、实现“三嬴”之路。推进灌草结合造林模式,不仅缓解了林牧矛盾,巩固了退耕还林成果,也为加快农村产业结构调整、推动农民在退耕还林后发展商品型畜牧业创造了有利条件。     

Electrical stunning followed by decapitation or chilling of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): assessment of behavioural and neural parameters and product quality

The objective of this study was to assess neural and behavioural responses in farmed African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) upon electrical stunning in combination with decapitation or chilling. To assess the possibility of scaling up one or both experimental methods, two trials were performed in an experimental setting. The product quality of the collected samples was compared with the currently applied industrial method: live chilling. After electrical stunning in combination with decapitation, the fish showed spikes alternated with theta and delta waves on the EEG, followed by minimal brain activity after 20±10 s. The same traces on the EEGs were observed after electrical stunning in combination with chilling. Here, minimal brain activity occurred after 22±11 s. Within a confidence level of 95%, the percentage of African catfish that was effectively stunned after administration of an electrical current of 1.5 A dm⁻², 300 V (50 Hz a.c.), followed by decapitation or chilling was above 91%. The analysis yield and evolution of liquid loss showed significant (P<0.05) differences among the batches, which could be explained by the stunning method used. The course values of the pH in the different batches were significantly (P<0.05) dependent on the stunning method, sex and location (visceral or skin side). It is concluded that African catfish can be stunned effectively using electrical stunning in a water tank, followed by decapitation or chilling in ice. Dutch commercial processors prefer to combine electrical stunning with chilling in flake ice in a rotating tumbler, as the outer slime layer is then removed, which facilitates further processing.     

应用不同模型估计虹鳟生长性状的遗传参数

利用黑龙江水产研究所渤海冷水性鱼类试验站2001至2006年5个品系虹鳟生长性状(体重、体长和肥满度)的测定数据,应用单性状和两性状动物模型估计遗传参数并对方差组分的差异比较分析.结果如下:体重的遗传力为0.20±0.05～0.45±0.03、体长为0.27±0.04～0.60±001、肥满度为0.32±0.06～0.47±0.03.虹鳟12月龄的生长性状间存在着较强的表型相关和遗传相关,其中表型相关为0.92、0.84、0.88,遗传相关为0.92±0.03、0.90±0.05、0.92±0.02;18月龄生长性状的遗传和表型相关分别为0.53±0.01、0.51±0.05～0.43±0.02、0.22、0.06～0.22;24月龄生长性状的遗传和表型相关分别为0.31±0.04、-0.91±0.14、-0.90±0.11、0.36、-0.03、-0.13;从不同模型的比较结果来看,体长和肥满度性状均以用两性状动物模型检测效果较好,体重则表现为单性状动物模型强于两性状动物模型.     

Where do you think you’re going? Accounting for ontogenetic and climate‐induced movement in spatially stratified integrated population assessment models

Understanding spatial population structure and biocomplexity is critical for determining a species’ resilience to environmental and anthropogenic perturbations. However, integrated population models (IPMs) used to develop management advice for harvested populations have been slow to incorporate spatial dynamics. Therefore, limited research has been devoted to understanding the reliability of movement parameter estimation in spatial population models, especially for spatially dynamic marine fish populations. We implemented a spatial simulation–estimation framework that emulated a generic marine fish metapopulation to explore the impact of ontogenetic movement and climate‐induced distributional shifts between two populations. The robustness of spatially stratified IPMs was explored across a range of movement parametrizations, including ignoring connectivity or estimating movement with various levels of complexity. Ignoring connectivity was detrimental to accurate estimation of population‐specific biomass, while implementing spatial IPMs with intermediate levels of complexity (e.g. estimating movement in two‐year and two‐age blocks) performed best when no a priori information about underlying movement was available. One‐way distributional shifts mimicking climate‐induced poleward migrations presented the greatest estimation difficulties, but the incorporation of auxiliary information on connectivity (e.g. tag‐recapture data) reduced bias. The continued development of spatially stratified modelling approaches should allow harvested resources to be better utilized without increased risk. Additionally, expanded collection and incorporation of unique spatially explicit data will enhance the robustness of IPMs in the future.     

宋元明清时期的畜牧业技术及其在吉林的借鉴

宋元明清时期是国家从分裂割据、若干民族政权并立,到各民族融合进一步加强,逐步走向中华民族的统一时期。其边疆与中原通过贸易的方式相互融合,促进了经济的发展乃至科学技术的进步,畜牧技术、兽医技术和渔业技术都有很大提高。羊、马、牛、猪、鸡、鸭、鹅都有许多优良品种涌现,并有许多史书记载了家畜禽的饲养管理方式、渔业捕捞与贩运的方式与规模。这些珍贵的农业资源遗产,对于今天畜牧业的发展具有启示意义。     

甘孜州畜牧业现状及发展特色养殖业可行性分析

畜牧业是甘孜州经济的支柱型产业,但由于甘孜州地处高原地区,气候寒冷,环境较为恶劣,很多平原家禽家畜不适宜在这里进行养殖。阐述了甘孜州畜牧业发展现状,论述了甘孜州发展特色养殖业的可行性,并对其优缺点进行了分析,以期为推动甘孜州畜牧业的发展提供参考。     

探讨不同浓度碘乙酸钠对家兔早期膝关节骨性关节炎模型的诱导及病理改变

目的 探讨不同浓度碘乙酸钠对家兔早期膝骨性关节炎（osteoarthritis,OA）模型的诱导及病理改变,确定建立OA模型的最小有效药物浓度。方法 将36只新西兰大白兔随机分为正常（A）组、模型（B~F）组,共6组,每组6只。A组左膝关节腔注射0.2 mL无菌生理盐水;B~E组左膝关节腔按照2.5、5、7.5、10 mg/kg剂量各注射0.2 mL的碘乙酸钠溶液,F组注射剂量与E组相同,同时以30 min/d分2次驱赶运动为干预因素。建模14 d后,采用HE染色及骨性关节炎组织病理学评分（Mankin评分）观察各组软骨的病理改变。结果 Mankin评分与A组相比,B、C组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,D、E、F组差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;与E组比较,F组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 模型D组药物浓度7.5 mg/kg为建立OA模型的最小有效药物剂量,且模型建立方法操作简单、创伤小,能够保证膝关节稳定性及实验动物的成活率。     

畜禽保种群体遗传多样性的模拟

 【目的】基于微卫星标记特点,采用计算机模拟技术,探讨畜禽保种群遗传多样性的变化过程。【方法】选择30个均匀分布于基因组、具有4—10个等位基因的标记位点,位点间无相互作用;模拟产生的畜禽保种群公母比例为1﹕5、随机交配、各家系随机等量留种、群体规模保持世代恒定,世代间无重叠,群体有效大小分别为Ne=10、20、50、100和200,保种繁殖50个世代,1 000次重复。采用多态性位点数（num-p）、平均等位基因数（Na）、有效等位基因数（Ae）、观测基因杂合度（Ho）、期望杂合度（He）、稀有等位基因数（RA）、缺乏丰富位点数（NRP）作为遗传多样性度量指标。【结果】保种群体的遗传多样性总体趋势随保种世代而逐渐降低,不同群体规模遗传多样性的降低速度差异显著,相比基础群,Ne值越大,num-p、Na、Ae、Ho、He和 RA的下降速率越慢,且当Ne=100和200时,num-p基本维持50个世代不变,RA则分别增加0.86%和2.49倍;而Ne值越大,NRP的增加速率越慢。【结论】遗传漂变导致了群体内遗传多样性的丢失。小群体中遗传漂变导致的遗传多样性丢失速度比大群体更高,发生在闭锁群体水平上的有效群体规模的减少将加快基因漂变速度,从而降低保种群体内的遗传多样性。