Ontogenic development of digestive enzymes in bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana)

Bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) is an economically important exported aquatic animal in Thailand, but little is known about its husbandry, which needs to be clarified. In this study, the ontogenic development of the main digestive enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase) was investigated within 30 days after hatching (DAH). Fertilized eggs of the wild cuttlefish were hatched and then distributed into four replicate aquaria assigned to varying collection times (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 DAH). The development of pepsin suggests acidic digestion functionality at 5 DAH, and its specific activity was maintained over the studied period. Specific activities of the serine proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin, fluctuated significantly with similar pattern, and appear to be the key enzymes contributing ontogenic changes in protein catabolism. The specific activity of lipase was relatively high at 0 DAH, dramatically increased by 5 DAH, and then appeared constant until the end of observations, suggesting important role in utilizing the lipid from yolk at hatching, as well as probably in sparing protein utilization. Dramatic increase in amylase specific activity occurred by 10 DAH after which the activity was constant until 30 DAH, suggesting the utilization of carbohydrate as energy evolves comparatively late. Findings from the current study could be used to manage nutritional protocols according to the digestive enzyme patterns, as well as to develop artificial diets for rearing S. lessoniana.     

产低温淀粉酶菌株的筛选、鉴定及酶学性质初步研究

对低温淀粉酶资源的开发是功能酶研究的新热点,本研究从东帕米尔高原江布拉克冰川冻土中分离获得多株高产低温淀粉酶菌株,最高产酶菌株D5-2经16S rDNA鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)细菌.对D5-2所产淀粉酶性质进行初步分析,结果表明,其最适作用温度和pH值分别为25 ℃和6.5,酶的热稳定性较差,40 ℃处理1h后酶活急剧下降,至70℃酶活力仅存23％;在pH 5.5～8.0条件下,酶活力相对稳定;Mn2+和Mg2+对淀粉酶有激活作用,而乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)、Fe2+和Na+则抑制酶活.结果提示,菌株D5-2分泌的淀粉酶符合低温酶特性,应用空间较大,值得深入探究开发.     

鸡源高产淀粉酶丁酸梭菌的分离鉴定

为了获得产淀粉酶的丁酸梭菌,本研究从鸡小肠表面黏液中进行丁酸梭菌的分离与筛选,首先对样品进行80℃水浴10 min除去非芽孢菌后,然后接种到TSN培养基进行菌株的分离与筛选。对分离到的菌株进行菌落形态、显微形态初步观察,然后对疑似丁酸梭菌的菌株进行产酸能力和淀粉酶酶活检测,最后对既产酸又高产淀粉酶的菌株进行生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析。结果表明分离到一株革兰氏阳性厌氧菌C.B1,菌体呈短杆状,能形成圆形或椭圆形芽孢,生理生化结果也符合丁酸梭菌的基本特征,16S rDNA序列长度为1450 bp,与丁酸梭菌的同源性高达99%以上,因此确定该分离菌株为丁酸梭菌,为进一步开发新的微生态制剂奠定了基础。     

同日龄不同体重羔羊十二指肠形态功能的比较研究

为了解小肠消化吸收功能对羔羊生长发育的影响,本试验选择60只相同饲养条件、相同断奶日龄(3月龄断奶)的5月龄健康阿勒泰×特克赛尔杂交F1代羔羊为研究对象,从中选择体重大小具有显著性差异的8只羔羊分为大体重组(HBW组)4只,平均体重(37.20±2.80)kg;小体重组(LBW组)4只,平均体重(28.24±3.75)kg。测定两组羔羊十二指肠绒毛组织形态学指标、消化酶活性及其黏膜中钠依赖性葡萄糖转载蛋白1(SGLT1)和葡萄糖转载蛋白2(GLUT2)表达量的差异。结果显示,HBW组羔羊十二指肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度均显著低于LBW组(P< 0.05),而黏膜厚度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值差异均不显著(P> 0.05);HBW组羔羊淀粉酶活性显著高于LBW组羔羊(P< 0.05),麦芽糖酶、乳糖酶、蔗糖酶活性均极显著高于LBW组羔羊(P< 0.01),脂肪酶及蛋白酶活性在两组羔羊间均无显著差异(P> 0.05);HBW组羔羊SGLT1表达量显著高于LBW组(P< 0.05),GLUT2表达量极显著高于LBW组(P< 0.01)。综上所述,反刍动物体重增加与十二指肠消化吸收功能密切相关,这些消化酶及葡萄糖运载蛋白的分子生物学上调机制尚需进一步研究。     

A rapid,automated method for measuring α-amylase in pre-harvest sprouted (sprout damaged) wheat

The quality of wheat for baking is critically dependent on the level of α-amylase (1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1), which can be present as “late maturity α-amylase” (LMA), or due to pre-harvest sprouting due to high rainfall and humidity at the time of harvesting. The most commonly used method to measure α-amylase in wheat grain is the Hagberg Falling Number method, but values are also influenced by rheological properties of starch in the grain. In this study we describe a simple, rapid, automated method (Amylase SD) for measurement of α-amylase in pre-harvest sprouted (sprout damaged) wheat grain. The method (Amylase SD) measures the release of p-nitrophenol from 4,6-O-ethylidene-α-4-nitrophenyl-maltoheptaoside by α-amylase in the presence of α-glucosidase. The absorbance of p-nitrophenolate measured at 405 nm in a ChemWell^®-T auto-analyser is directly related to the level of α-amylase activity present in the milled wheat grain extract. The Amylase SD method generated <6%CV and correlation to the Falling Number method was represented by an inflection point at ∼160 s. The precision, sensitivity and speed of this method provides an ideal alternative to the Falling Number method for measurement of α-amylase (sprout damage) in wheat grain in wheat breeding programmes or at grain receival points.     

耐酸性α-淀粉酶产生菌发酵条件的优化

试验对从淀粉厂附近的土壤中筛选的产耐酸性α-淀粉酶的菌株发酵条件进行了考察,确定最佳发酵条件为pH 4.5、碳源为可溶性淀粉、氮源为柠檬酸二氢铵、培养温度为35 ℃、接种量为2 mL。      

苜蓿草粉对禾花鲤蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性影响的研究

选取来源一致、规格整齐的2龄禾花鲤1 200尾,采用单因子完全随机设计,分为5个处理,每处理3个重复,每重复80尾鱼,分置于15个试验池中。各处理苜蓿Medicago sativa草粉的添加量分别为0（对照组）、40（试验Ⅰ组）、80（试验Ⅱ组）、120（试验Ⅲ组）和160 g/kg（试验Ⅳ组）,正试期50 d,观测苜蓿草粉对禾花鲤前、中、后肠及肝胰脏蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明：1）添加苜蓿草粉对前肠蛋白酶活性有显著影响 (P<0.05),其中试验II组显著高于对照组和试验Ⅳ组,但和试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组差异不显著 (P>0.05)。添加苜蓿草粉对中、后肠及肝胰脏蛋白酶活性均无显著影响 (P>0.05),但它们有相同的变化趋势,即试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组鱼的蛋白酶活性均高于对照组。2）鲤鱼的前肠、中肠、后肠蛋白酶活性依次减弱,而肝胰脏的蛋白酶活性远低于肠道。3）添加苜蓿草粉后前肠及中肠淀粉酶活性比较,试验II组显著高于对照组 (P<0.05),其余各组与对照组差异不显著 (P>0.05),后肠淀粉酶活性与对照组无显著差异 (P>0.05)。添加苜蓿草粉能提高鲤鱼肝胰脏淀粉酶活性,其中试验Ⅱ组显著高于对照组 (P<0.05),其余试验组与对照组无显著差异 (P>0.05)。4）禾花鲤前、中、后肠及肝胰脏4部分淀粉酶的活性有较大的不同,肝胰脏>后肠>中肠>前肠。     

0～14日龄乳鸽小肠主要消化酶发育规律的研究

以0～14日龄雄乳鸽为研究对象,测定3日龄、8日龄和14日龄乳鸽十二指肠和空肠中淀粉酶、总蛋白水解酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性随年龄的变化趋势。结果表明：十二指肠中淀粉酶、总蛋白水解酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性随日龄增加而呈上升趋势,脂肪酶活性在3～8日龄显著降低,8～14日龄活性升高;空肠中淀粉酶、总蛋白水解酶和脂肪酶活性先降低后升高,而胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性先升高后降低,并在8日龄时达到峰值。     

3种微生态制剂的氨基酸组成及对鲤鱼消化酶活性的影响*

 采用HPLC法分析了枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌和复合微生态制剂的氨基酸含量,这3种不同的微生态制剂的氨基酸含量分别为53.2g/100g干基,56.4g/100g干基,59.5g/100g干基。在统一饵料的基础上,分别按0.1%,0.2%和0.5%添加纳豆芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和复合微生态制剂养殖鲤鱼45d,分析了鲤鱼肠道和肝胰脏中蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性。结果表明,添加纳豆芽孢杆菌0.1%~0.5%的试验组能显著地提高鲤鱼肠道蛋白酶的活性,0.1%和0.2%剂量组可显著地提高鲤鱼肝胰脏蛋白酶的活性,0.1%剂量组可较显著地提高鲤鱼肠道和肝胰脏的淀粉酶的活性。枯草芽孢杆菌对鱼类消化酶的影响作用与纳豆芽孢杆菌不尽相同,其0.1%~0.5%试验组对鲤鱼肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶均有较显著的提高作用,但对鱼类肝胰脏的消化酶活力影响不大。相对于蛋白酶而言,枯草芽孢杆菌对鲤鱼肠道淀粉酶活力的提高更为有效。复合微生态制剂0.1%~0.5%的各试验组能显著地提高鲤鱼肠道和肝胰脏的蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活力,其对鲤鱼肠道和肝胰脏的蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活力的提高率要优于单一菌种的微生态制剂。复合微生态制剂作为水产养殖生物的饵料添加剂使用,应根据不同食性的鱼类和不同的饵料组成加以选择和组配,合理的添加量在0.1%~0.2%之间为宜。