聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂类农药助剂的环境行为特性综述

聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(APEOs)、醇基聚氧乙烯醚(AEOs)以及烷基胺聚氧乙烯醚(ANEOs)是几类典型的农药助剂,其环境行为特性主要体现在分配系数、土壤吸附性和降解性等参数上。这些化合物主要的环境问题在于其部分代谢物的环境风险较高。本文基于几类聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂助剂的结构特征,综述了其在环境中的分布、归趋及对环境的影响。     

季铵盐类表面活性剂对细菌ATP提取作用的研究

通过研究几种季铵盐类表面活性剂在ATP生物发光法中不同浓度、不同提取时间对细菌ATP的提取效果,确定了浓度为0．2％的苯扎氯铵（BAC）提取细菌ATP2min,检测发光值效果最佳;与传统的TCA法进行对比,BAC法对细菌ATP的提取率更高。     

Effects of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonates (LASs) on Exogenous Organic Matter Content and Evolution in Sewage Sludge–Amended Soils

Abstract

Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LASs) are anionic surfactants commonly used in commercial detergents. A potential risk associated with the recycling of sewage waste materials is the presence of LASs and their primary degradation products, which could accumulate in sludge, especially during anaerobic processing. The long‐term accumulation of these contaminants in soils and especially the potential disturbance of soil functions need to be studied in more detail. In our study, the influence of the amendment added to an agricultural soil with different organic wastes containing LASs on organic matter content and nitrogen (N) content evolution and mineralization was studied in field conditions. A completely randomized 3×3 factorial arrangement, representing two sewage sludge types (composted and uncomposted) and three levels of LAS presence (0, 15, and 30 g/m²) in treated soils, was established using field plots (7×2 m); the results are compared with untreated plots. Statistical models based on covariance analysis were used to understand the dynamics of and the main factors influencing carbon (C) and N mineralization in sewage sludge amended–soils in the presence of LAS. LAS seemed to alter nitrogen mineralization, especially the nitrate dynamics.     

过碳酰胺对土壤中非离子表面活性剂的修复研究

过碳酰胺是一种新型精细化工品,也是一种新型N肥,其应用和开发在国外已得到广泛的研究,而在我国还刚刚起步.为考察过碳酰胺作为一种N肥去除土壤中有机污染物的作用和潜力,将修复与施肥结合,为过碳酰胺应用于环境污染修复提供新的理论依据,特进行了本研究.本文采用室内土培试验等手段,研究了1种酸性土壤中施入过碳酰胺后对2种非离子表面活性剂TritonX-100和Tween80的降解效果.试验结果表明:过碳酰胺对2种非离子表面活性剂都有明显的降解效果,降解速度均是在第2周时较快,此后.随着降解时间的延长,降解速率逐渐下降.8周后1000mg/kg Tween80的残留浓度仅有195.46mg/kg土,降解率高达80%以上.5 mmol/kg的过碳酰胺降解2周后已有明显降解效果,但继续增加过碳酰胺浓度.其降解效果并非相应增加.     

Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of palm amino acid surfactant using response surface methodology (RSM)

Amino acid surfactants are high-value surfactants which have excellent emulsifying characteristics and minimal toxicity to the living body. Enzymatic synthesis of palm kernel amino acid surfactant was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using palm kernel olein (PKO) and l(+)-lysine catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM. The reaction was performed in batch mode stirred tank reactor (STR) with one multi-bladed impeller. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to evaluate the interactive effects of various parameters. The parameters were temperature (A): (40.00–70.00 °C), impeller speed (B): (100.00–400.00 rpm), substrates ratio (C): (1.00–4.00 mmol) and enzyme amount (D): (5.00–8.00 g). The optimum condition derived via RSM at fixed reaction time of 24 h was temperature; 47.50 °C, impeller speed; 323.96 rpm, substrates ratio; 3.25 mmol and enzyme amount; 7.25 g. The experimental yield was 89.03% under the optimum condition, which compared well with the maximum predicted value of 93.77%.     

吐温80对Bt在作物叶面的展着及葱田甜菜夜蛾防效的影响

在苏云金杆菌中,加入表面活性剂吐温80,研究了苏云金杆菌在不同作物上的展着及对葱田甜菜夜蛾防效的影响。试验结果表明,吐温80能显著提高Bt在作物叶面的展着量。药液在不同作物的展着量差异显著,吐温80的2 000倍稀释液,可使CAB109制剂在葱、玉米、羽衣甘蓝、菜豆、草莓、白菜、黄瓜和萝卜的展着量分别提高8.0、7.9、7.7、2.5、2.3、2.0、1.4倍和1.3倍;可使商品TB的展着量分别提高4.4、6.4、4.7、1.8、1.9、1.7、1.4倍和1.2倍。吐温80的1 000倍稀释液,可使CAB109与TB制剂将葱田甜菜夜蛾的虫口减退率分别从63.6%与43.3%,提高到84.5%与62.8%,显著提高防效。     

聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂类农药助剂的环境行为特性综述

聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚（APEOs）、醇基聚氧乙烯醚（AEOs）以及烷基胺聚氧乙烯醚（ANEOs）是几类典型的农药助剂,其环境行为特性主要体现在分配系数、土壤吸附性和降解性等参数上。这些化合物主要的环境问题在于其部分代谢物的环境风险较高。本文基于几类聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂助剂的结构特征,综述了其在环境中的分布、归趋及对环境的影响。     

烷基聚氧乙烯基醚硫酸钠和阳离子表面活性剂混合体系的表面活性

辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠Ｃ＿８Ｈ＿（１７）Ｃ＿６Ｈ＿４（ＯＣ＿２Ｈ＿４）＿（ｌ０）ＳＯ＿４Ｎａ（Ｃ＿８Ｅ＿（１０）Ｓ）和十二烷基７聚氧乙烯基醚硫酸钠Ｃ＿（１２）Ｈ＿（２５）（ＯＣ＿２Ｈ＿４）＿７ＳＯ＿４Ｎａ（Ｃ＿（１２）Ｅ＿７Ｓ）与溴化十二烷基三甲铵Ｃ＿（１２）Ｈ＿（２５）（ＣＨ＿３）＿３Ｂｒ（Ｃ＿（１２）ＮＭ＿３），不仅能在水溶液中形成透明的均匀溶液，而且混合体系的临界胶团浓度和γｃｍｃ比单一组分的低。Ｃ＿（１２）Ｅ＿７Ｓ－Ｃ＿（１２）ＮＭ＿３和Ｃ＿８Ｅ＿（１０）Ｓ－Ｃ＿（１２）ＮＭ＿３对极性物的加溶，随混合比的变化呈“Ｖ”型，而对非极性物的加溶呈“”型。混合比改变时，Ｃ＿（１２）Ｅ＿７Ｓ－Ｃ＿（１２）ＮＭ＿３和Ｃ＿８Ｅ＿（１０）Ｓ－Ｃ＿（１２）ＮＭ＿３溶液的粘度出现１个极大值（在１：１附近）。在Ｃ＿８Ｅ＿（１０）Ｓ中引入Ｃ＿（１２）ＮＭ＿３的量小于１０％时，Ｃ＿８Ｅ＿（１０）Ｓ－Ｃ＿（１２）ＮＭ＿３的润湿能力不变；大于１０％时，润湿能力增加，超过２０％时，润湿能力下降。混合比改变时，Ｃ＿８Ｅ＿（１０）Ｓ－Ｃ＿（１２）ＮＭ＿３对煤油的乳化能力出现两个极大值和１个极小值。     

钛（Ⅳ）与四种荧光酮的显色反应

研究了四种２，３，７－三羟基荧光酮－９－取代物（水杨基、邻硝基苯基、邻氯苯基和二溴羟基苯基）在新两性表面活性剂Ｎ－［Ｎ＇－（羧甲基）－Ｎ＇－（２－羟乙基）氨乙基］月桂酰胺钠盐（ＣＭＨＥＡＥＬＡ）和十二醇聚氧乙烯２３醚存在下与钛的显色反应。结果发现，钛与水杨基荧光酮（ＳＡＦ）在０．０２５－０．０８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸介质中形成１：３络合物，λｍａｘ为５３２ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数ε５３２＝２．０２×１０＾５     

不同类型表面活性剂对肌酸激酶活力影响研究

本文系统地研究了阴离子Ｃ１２Ｈ２５ＳＯ４Ｎａ（Ｃ１２Ｓ），Ｃ１２Ｈ２５（ＯＣ２Ｈ４）７ＳＯ４Ｎａ（Ｃ１２Ｅ７Ｓ）、阳离子Ｃ１２Ｈ２５Ｎ（ＣＨ３）３．Ｂｒ（Ｃ１２ＮＭｅ３）和非离子Ｃ８Ｈ１７．Ｃ６Ｈ４．（ＯＣ２Ｈ４）１０ＯＨ（ＴＸ－１００）表面活性剂对肌酸激酶（Ｃ．Ｋ．）活力的影响以及变性后的复性，结果表明，Ｃ１２Ｅ７Ｓ和Ｔｘ－１００对Ｃ．Ｋ．的活力破坏较小，Ｃ．Ｋ．经Ｃ１２Ｅ７Ｓ和ＴＸ－１００变性