紫花苜蓿耐铝的分子基础研究进展

紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa由于其对酸性土壤上植物铝毒害的敏感性而大大限制了其种植范围.要在占世界耕地40%的酸性土壤上进行推广种植,根本方法是培育耐高酸铝性的紫花苜蓿新品种.就近几年国内外在紫花苜蓿耐铝遗传分析,耐铝转基因苜蓿和其相关蛋白的分离鉴定等方面的研究进行综述,并介绍了亲缘性植物截形苜蓿M.truncatula的相关研究进展,基本明确了当前紫花苜蓿耐铝的研究方向、热点及存在的不足.     

施用碱稳定污泥污水土壤经γ-辐照后土壤溶液中Cu和Zn

Soil samples collected from several acid soils in Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces of the southern China were employed to characterize the chemical species of aluminumions in the soils. The proportion of monomeric inorganic Al to total Al in soil solution was in the range of 19% to 70%, that of monomeric organic Al (Al-OM) to total Al ranged from 7.7% to 69%, and that of the acid-soluble Al to total Al was generally smaller and was lower than 20% in most of the acid soils studied. The Al-OM concentration in soil solution was positively correlated with the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and also affected by the concentration of Al³⁺. The complexes of aluminum with fluoride (Al-F) were the predominant forms of inorganic Al, and the proportion of Al-F complexes to total inorganic Al increased with pH. Under strongly acid condition, Al³⁺ was also a major form of inorganic Al, and the proportion of Al³⁺ to total inorganic Al decreased with increasing pH. The proportions of Al-OH and Al-SO₄ complexes to total inorganic Al were small and were not larger than 10% in the most acid soils. The concentration of inorganic Al in solution depended largely on pH and the concentration of total F in soil solution. The concentrat ions of Al-OM, Al³⁺, Al-F and Al-OH complexes in topsoil were higher than those in subsoil and decreased with the increase in soil depth. The chemical species of aluminumions were influenced by pH. The concentrations of Al-OM, Al³⁺, Al-F complexes and Al-OH complexes decreased with the increase in pH.     

氟铝互作对茶树叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为明确氟和铝对茶树[Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响,采用盆栽沙培的方法,设置不同浓度氟和铝互作处理,采用调制叶绿素荧光仪对其荧光各参数进行分析,结果发现,茶树幼苗在未添加铝的情况下,随着氟浓度的增加,PSⅡ的实际光化学量子效率Y(Ⅱ)、最大荧光（F_m）、最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、光化学淬灭系数（qP和qL）降低。最小荧光F_o、非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ和qN）、PSⅡ调节性能量耗散的量子产额Y(NPQ)增加;在低铝水平下,随着氟浓度的增加,F_m、F_v/F_m、Y(Ⅱ)、NPQ和qN等值降低,而qP和qL升高,F_o、Y(NO)和Y(NPQ)值未达显著差异水平;在高铝处理下,随着氟处理浓度的增加,F_o逐渐增加,Y(Ⅱ)、F_v/F_m、qP值下降,Y(NPQ)和NPQ值在低氟时（100βmg·L^-1）显著升高。可见,当受到氟胁迫时,茶树叶片光合效率会降低;添加铝可以减轻对植株造成的伤害,在低铝水平下,对提高叶片光合效率的作用更加明显。     

坛紫菜中铝的形态分析及风险性评价

应用化学连续萃取法结合电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法对紫菜中铝的存在形态进行了初步研究,并对紫菜中铝食用安全性进行了评价。所测30份紫菜样品中铝的总含量范围为74.3~1 479 mg/kg,紫菜中铝的形态存在难溶态>有机态>无机态>水溶性游离态的分布规律。约75%的铝以难溶态存在。可溶态的铝主要以有机铝的形态存在,有机铝占总可溶态铝的72%左右。无机铝主要以Al(OH)₃的形态存在,水溶性游离态铝占无机铝的18.5%。通过模拟胃肠消化环境测定紫菜中铝的溶出率,结果表明,模拟胃液可溶出的铝占总铝的1.38%～6.80%,说明大部分铝在人体消化过程中不易溶出,对人体的潜在危害并不大。     

吸附到白浆土中铝的解吸行为研究

为探讨发生铝污染的白浆土中金属铝的解吸特性,采用平衡振荡法,研究铝在白浆土中的解吸行为及不同因素的影响。结果表明:在720min后,白浆土中的铝解吸基本达到平衡;25℃下,土壤有机质含量为42.2g/kg,铝在白浆土中的解吸量仅为吸附量的1.5%;用Langmuir方程可很好地拟合白浆土中铝解吸等温曲线(r=0.985 9**),说明表面均匀单层解吸占主导;热力学参数ΔG0,ΔH0,ΔS0,表明铝的解吸是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程。土壤有机质由42.2g/kg降至27.8g/kg时,白浆土中铝的最大解吸量由25.87mg/kg升至66.11mg/kg,且导致解吸滞后现象的加剧。pH降至3时,铝的解吸量升至226.4mg/kg,是pH在5~7时的8倍以上。随着解吸液中NaCl和Na_2SO_4浓度的增加,铝的解吸量增加。总之,吸附到白浆土中的铝解吸能力较弱,但pH和有机质含量降低,无机盐含量升高,铝的解吸量大幅增加,污染风险急剧上升。     

Aluminum toxicity of synthetic aluminum–humus complexes derived from non-allophanic and allophanic Andosols and its amelioration with allophanic materials

Natural non-allophanic Andosols often show aluminum (Al) toxicity to Al-sensitive plant roots. The significance of Al–humus complexes to Al toxicity has been emphasized. Allophanic Andosols also possess Al–humus complexes, but they rarely show any toxicity. In the present study, using model substances, we tested the toxicity of Al–humus complexes and its amelioration with allophanic materials. We extracted humic substances from the A horizons of a non-allophanic Andosol and an allophanic Andosol using a NaOH solution, and reacted the humic substances and partially neutralized AlCl₃ solution at pH 4. Allophanic material was purified from commercial Kanuma pumice. Plant growth tests were conducted using a medium containing the Al–humus complexes (50 g kg⁻¹), the allophanic material (0, 90, 180 and 360 g kg⁻¹) and perlite. The root growth of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and burdock ( Arctium lappa ) was reduced in the media containing the Al–humus complexes derived from both the non-allophanic and allophanic Andosols when the allophanic material was not added. With the addition of the allophanic materials, particularly in the 360 g kg⁻¹ treatment, the growth of the barley roots was improved markedly. Although the root growth of the burdock tended to improve with allophanic materials, the effect was weaker than that for barley. Monomeric Al in a solution of the medium was not detected (< 0.05 mg L⁻¹) following the addition of 360 g kg⁻¹ of allophanic materials, whereas 0.8–1.7 mg L⁻¹ Al was recorded without the allophanic material.     

铝胁迫对大豆同工酶的影响

采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,研究了3个大豆品种在不同浓度铝毒害下,不同时期过氧化物酶同工酶(POD)和酯酶同工酶(EST)的变化情况。结果表明,在铝胁迫下,不同大豆品种,同工酶酶带有一定的差异。随着铝浓度的增加,各品种的酶活性和酶带数量变化不一,但总趋势为下降,这与各品种对铝的抗性密切相关。     

Design Method for Bending Buckling of Web in Aluminum Beam

As for the local buckling of aluminum bending members, a finite element analysis of the stability of aluminum plates under bending was performed. Compared with the results of codes’ method and finite element method, the advantages and disadvantages of existing codes were discussed. Base upon the results of simulation, the relevant design formula in Code for design of steel structures (GB50017) were modified with the reference of existing foreign codes. And the design methods were proposed for buckling strength and post buckling strength of aluminum plates under in plate bending. It was found that the results of proposed methods were in high accuracy and safer condition, and suitable for the stability design of aluminum plates under in plate bending.     

铝合金车身覆盖件冲压成形回弹仿真方法研究

研究铝合金车身覆盖件冲压成形回弹的仿真方法能够降低研发成本、缩短开发周期、提高设计质量.阐述了铝合金车身覆盖件冲压成形回弹仿真的流程,首先是几何建模,即在专业软件中建立零件的几何模型后再导入到有限元仿真软件中,然后进行有限元建模及仿真,主要包括覆盖件网格划分、冲压方向和方式的确定、模具工艺补充的建立、压料面的建立和凹模的生成、板料模型的建立、拉延筋的处理、凸模的生成、仿真模型的装配等.总结提出了铝合金覆盖件冲压成形回弹仿真的关键技术,包括隐式回弹分析方法、节点约束、适合于铝合金成形的材料模型和单元类型等,最后对某车型前翼子板进行了回弹仿真.